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Abstract
TORCH infection is a significant risk factor for severe fetal damage, especially congenital malformations. Screening pregnant women for TORCH pathogens could reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and prevent birth defects. Hence, timely identification and inhibition of TORCH infections are effective ways to successfully prevent them in pregnant women. Recently, the superiority of biosensors in TORCH pathogen sensing has been emphasized due to their intrinsic benefits, such as rapid response time, portability, cost-effectiveness, much friendlier preparation and determination steps. With the introduction of advanced nanomaterials into biosensing, the diagnostic properties of biosensors have significantly improved. This study core presents and debates the current progress in biosensing systems for TORCH pathogens using various artificial and natural receptors. The incorporation of nanomaterials into various transduction systems can enhance diagnostic performance. The key performance characteristics of optical and electrochemical biosensors, such as response time, limit of detection (LOD), and linear detection range, are systematically discussed, along with the current TORCH pathogens used for constructing biosensors. Finally, the major problems that exist for converting scientific investigation into product development are also outlined.
Graphical Abstract
Acknowledgments
This study is supported via funding from Prince sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number (PSAU/2023/R/1445).
Authors’ contributions
Sofiene Mansouri: Writing e review, Investigation, Visualization, Conceptualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition; Yousef Alharbi: Visualization, Investigation, Writing - original draft; Abdulrahman Alqahtani: Investigation, Writing - original draft.