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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is one of the few viruses proven to be associated with tumorigenesis in humans. Its causal association with all clinical and epidemiological variants of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is well established. KSHV is also involved in the pathogenesis of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Possible associations of KSHV with other clinical settings have been extensively examined. The findings from several of these studies are contradictory and are yet to be resolved. Concentrated effort over the last decade, since the initial discovery of KSHV, led to the development of several experimental systems that resulted in a better comprehension of the biological characteristics of KSHV and set the stage for the understanding of mechanisms by which diseases are induced by the virus. The development of molecular, histological, and serological tools for KSHV diagnosis allowed researchers to track the transmission and to study the epidemiology of KSHV. These assays have been applied, in particular in ambiguous cases, in order to confirm clinically and pathologically based diagnoses. Here, we review the advances in the clinical, experimental, diagnostic, and epidemiological research of KSHV.
| ABBREVIATIONS: | ||
| AIDS | = | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| CD | = | Castleman's disease; |
| Cdk6 | = | Cyclin dependent kinase; |
| CKS | = | Classic Kaposi's sarcoma; |
| CMV | = | Cytomegalovirus; |
| CTL | = | Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte; |
| EBV | = | Epstein-Barr virus; |
| ELISA | = | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; |
| EMA | = | Epithelial membrane antigen; |
| HAART | = | Highly active antiretroviral therapy; |
| HHV-8 | = | Human herpesvirus 8; |
| HIV | = | Human immunodeficiency virus; |
| HVS | = | Herpesvirus saimiri; |
| IFA | = | Immunofluoresence assay; |
| IFNγ | = | Interferon-gamma; |
| IRD | = | Internal repeat domain; |
| ISH | = | In situ hybridization; |
| KS | = | Kaposi's sarcoma; |
| KSHV | = | Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; |
| LAMP | = | Latency associated membrane protein; |
| LANA | = | Latency-associated nuclear antigen; |
| LMP | = | Latent membrane protein of EBV; |
| MCD | = | Multicentric Castleman's disease; |
| MGUS | = | Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance; |
| mIFA | = | Mouse monoclonal antibody-enhanced IFA; |
| NFκB | = | Nuclear factor-kappa B; |
| NHL | = | Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; |
| ORF | = | Open reading frame; |
| PBMC | = | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; |
| PCR | = | Polymerase chain reaction; |
| PEL | = | Primary effusion lymphoma; |
| PKC | = | Protein kinase C; |
| RRV | = | Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus; |
| Rta | = | Replication and transcription activator; |
| SCID | = | Severe combined immunodeficiency disease; |
| STAT | = | Signal transducers and activators of transcription; |
| sVCA | = | Small viral capsid antigen; |
| TPA | = | 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate; |
| vBCL-2 | = | ORF16, viral Bcl-2; |
| VCYC | = | ORF72; |
| vFLIP | = | V-FLICE-inhibitory protein, ORF K13; |
| vIAP | = | Viral inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein; |
| vIL | = | Viral interleukin; |
| WB | = | Western blot. |
| ABBREVIATIONS: | ||
| AIDS | = | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| CD | = | Castleman's disease; |
| Cdk6 | = | Cyclin dependent kinase; |
| CKS | = | Classic Kaposi's sarcoma; |
| CMV | = | Cytomegalovirus; |
| CTL | = | Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte; |
| EBV | = | Epstein-Barr virus; |
| ELISA | = | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; |
| EMA | = | Epithelial membrane antigen; |
| HAART | = | Highly active antiretroviral therapy; |
| HHV-8 | = | Human herpesvirus 8; |
| HIV | = | Human immunodeficiency virus; |
| HVS | = | Herpesvirus saimiri; |
| IFA | = | Immunofluoresence assay; |
| IFNγ | = | Interferon-gamma; |
| IRD | = | Internal repeat domain; |
| ISH | = | In situ hybridization; |
| KS | = | Kaposi's sarcoma; |
| KSHV | = | Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; |
| LAMP | = | Latency associated membrane protein; |
| LANA | = | Latency-associated nuclear antigen; |
| LMP | = | Latent membrane protein of EBV; |
| MCD | = | Multicentric Castleman's disease; |
| MGUS | = | Monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance; |
| mIFA | = | Mouse monoclonal antibody-enhanced IFA; |
| NFκB | = | Nuclear factor-kappa B; |
| NHL | = | Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; |
| ORF | = | Open reading frame; |
| PBMC | = | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; |
| PCR | = | Polymerase chain reaction; |
| PEL | = | Primary effusion lymphoma; |
| PKC | = | Protein kinase C; |
| RRV | = | Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus; |
| Rta | = | Replication and transcription activator; |
| SCID | = | Severe combined immunodeficiency disease; |
| STAT | = | Signal transducers and activators of transcription; |
| sVCA | = | Small viral capsid antigen; |
| TPA | = | 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate; |
| vBCL-2 | = | ORF16, viral Bcl-2; |
| VCYC | = | ORF72; |
| vFLIP | = | V-FLICE-inhibitory protein, ORF K13; |
| vIAP | = | Viral inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein; |
| vIL | = | Viral interleukin; |
| WB | = | Western blot. |