The Canadian laboratory initiative on pediatric reference intervals: A CALIPER white paper

Abstract

Laboratory investigations provide physicians with objective data to aid in disease diagnosis, clinical decision making, and patient follow up. Clinical interpretation of laboratory test results relies heavily on the availability of appropriate population-based reference intervals (i.e. normative values) or decision limits developed through clinical outcome studies. Although reference intervals are fundamental to accurate laboratory test interpretation, and thus critically important to healthcare, the need for sound evidence-based reference intervals has been largely overlooked, particularly in the pediatric population. In the field of pediatric laboratory medicine, accurate age- and sex-specific reference intervals established using samples from healthy children and adolescents have not been readily available, forcing many clinical laboratories to report adult reference intervals with pediatric test results. When pediatric reference intervals are available, they have often been established with a small sample size, inpatient or outpatient samples, outdated methodologies, and/or inappropriate statistical procedures. To address these unacceptable limitations, several national and global initiatives have begun to close the critical evidence gaps in pediatric reference intervals. Notably, the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) has made significant strides towards improving pediatric healthcare in Canada and globally. The present report is a white paper summarizing CALIPER, and provides a comprehensive compendium of the data generated through this project over the past decade as a single resource for clinical laboratory specialists, clinicians, and other healthcare workers. CALIPER launched an outreach campaign in 2008 to recruit healthy community children and adolescents, and developed a robust statistical algorithm, in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, to develop accurate age- and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals. The first CALIPER direct reference interval study was published in 2012, with age- and sex-specific reference intervals reported for 40 common biochemical markers. To date, CALIPER has collected health information and blood samples from over 9700 community children and adolescents, and has established a comprehensive database of age- and sex-specific reference intervals for over 100 biomarkers of pediatric disease. CALIPER has also performed a series of transference and verification studies to expand the applicability of the CALIPER database to five major analytical platforms, including Abbott, Beckman, Ortho, Roche, and Siemens. Through novel knowledge translation initiatives, the CALIPER Reference Interval Database has been made freely available online (www.caliperproject.ca) as well as on a mobile application (CALIPER Reference App), and it is used by clinical laboratories across Canada, the United States, and globally. In addition to establishing this comprehensive pediatric reference interval database, CALIPER has also performed a series of sub-studies, including examining how reference intervals are affected by pre-analytical factors (i.e. sample stability at specific storage conditions, fasting status and time of sample collection), biological variation (i.e. intraindividual and interindividual biological variation, reference change values), and ethnicity and pubertal development stage. In this white paper, extensive tables of pediatric reference intervals are provided for easy reference for clinical laboratories worldwide. All data reported have been published in over 20 peer reviewed publications and are also available through the CALIPER Reference Interval Database as well as the CALIPER Reference App for mobile devices.

Keywords:

• CALIPER
• pediatric
• reference intervals

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1. Pediatric reference intervals

1.1. Reference intervals as health-associated benchmarks

Reference intervals, sometimes referred to as “normative” or “expected” values, refer to the set of values observed in a reference sample group defined by a specific percentage, most commonly the central 95% (Figure 1(A)) [1]. Reference intervals are fundamental tools used by healthcare and laboratory professionals to interpret patient laboratory test results, ideally enabling differentiation of healthy and unhealthy individuals [2]. However, it is important to note that because population-based reference intervals reflect the range of values expected in a typical community population, laboratory results that fall outside a reference interval do not necessarily indicate a disease, but rather that additional medical follow-up and/or treatment may be warranted. In contrast, decision limits or cutoffs, rather than reference intervals, associated with risk of specific adverse outcomes are used for some laboratory tests, including lipid parameters and bilirubin, to determine diagnosis or treatment. Nevertheless, reference intervals are used extensively in clinical practice to flag results outside the defined normal range and inform physicians if a patient’s result is normal or flagged as abnormal, potentially requiring follow-up testing. Given the critical importance to healthcare, it would be expected that accurate and comprehensive reference intervals are readily available to clinical laboratories and clinicians, but this is not always the case. In fact, the necessity of sound evidence-based reference intervals for accurate interpretation of laboratory test results has been largely overlooked [3]. Instead, much of the effort in improving laboratory quality systems has focused on analytical assay performance. Unfortunately, the tremendous efforts to improve assay performance are wasted when inappropriate reference intervals are used to interpret laboratory test results. This problem is particularly apparent in the field of pediatric laboratory medicine where age-specific reference intervals based on healthy children and adolescents have not been readily available. This has forced many clinical laboratories to use adult reference intervals to interpret pediatric test results, a practice that can lead to erroneous and inaccurate test result interpretation. When pediatric reference intervals are available for clinical use, they are often severely limited, having been established using a small sample size, outpatient or hospitalized patient samples, outdated methodologies, or inappropriate statistical procedures. These limitations are mainly due to challenges in obtaining a sufficient number of healthy pediatric blood samples per partition (120 individuals as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines) necessary to establish robust reference intervals for all partitions. The number of partitions required for age- and sex-stratified reference intervals can be quite numerous in the rapidly growing and changing neonatal and pediatric population.

To close the critical evidence gaps in pediatric laboratory medicine, several national and global initiatives over the past decade have begun to establish pediatric reference intervals. Notably, the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) was started by investigators at The Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto as part of the Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists (CSCC) Pediatric Focus Group. This collaborative project among seven pediatric hospitals across Canada (in St. John’s, Montreal, Toronto, Ottawa, Hamilton, Saskatoon, and Vancouver) has made significant strides towards improving pediatric healthcare in Canada and globally.

2. An overview of the CALIPER project

2.1. Pilot studies

To both establish preliminary reference intervals for select laboratory tests and help the CALIPER research team gain practical experience with sample collection, testing and statistical analysis, CALIPER performed several pilot studies. Initially, 15 immunoassays and 24 chemistries were analyzed using the Abbott ARCHITECT ci8200 platform (Abbott Instruments – Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, IL), with results published in 2009 [4]. Pediatric reference intervals were established for five age partitions: birth–12 months, 1–5 years, 6–10 years, 11–14 years, and 15–18 years [4]. However, these age partitions were chosen arbitrarily rather than by using a statistical test, samples were collected from hospital outpatients rather than healthy community children and adolescents, and the recommended number of 120 subjects per group was not always achieved, particularly in the birth–12 month age partition [4].

Subsequently, four additional pilot studies were performed. One study established reference intervals for 25 common analytes on the Ortho VITROS 5600 Integrated System (Ortho Instruments – Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, NY) [5] and another established reference intervals for 11 chemistries and 17 immunoassays using Roche cobas 6000 assays (Roche Instruments – Roche Diagnostics, Laval, QC, Canada) [6]. For both these studies, reference intervals were stratified by sex and five arbitrarily-chosen age groups. Due to sample size limitations, the minimum CLSI requirement of 40 reference values per partition was often not met, necessitating the merging of some age partitions. Additionally, these studies were based on serum samples from pediatric outpatient cohorts. CALIPER then determined reference intervals for free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) for two predetermined age groups: 1–6 years and 7–17 years. However, these reference intervals were not stratified by sex [7]. The final CALIPER pilot study established age- and sex-specific reference intervals for five bone markers [8]. The effects of body mass index, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the levels of these analytes were also investigated [8].

These initial pilot studies were imperative for assessing the feasibility of the CALIPER project. Based on the success of the pilot studies, the next step for CALIPER was to initiate a major recruitment campaign to collect health information and blood samples from healthy children and adolescents. Directly sampling healthy subjects from the community is essential to determine accurate reference values from which robust reference intervals can be established.

2.2. Direct reference interval studies

Population-based reference intervals can be established using either an indirect or a direct sampling approach. While indirect sampling uses laboratory values obtained from a patient population to estimate reference intervals, direct sampling involves the selection of healthy individuals using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria [1]. Indirect sampling is more commonly used primarily because it is more feasible and less costly. However, the CLSI does not recommend the use of indirect sampling due to the risk of including values from diseased individuals, which can lead to skewed, broader, and thus less sensitive reference intervals [1]. Therefore, following its initial pilot phase, CALIPER began to establish a comprehensive, robust pediatric reference interval database using the direct sampling approach. CALIPER has been extremely successful in overcoming the challenge of obtaining a sufficient number of pediatric blood samples by focusing on recruitment campaigns and blood collection clinics held in the community. To date, CALIPER has created a biobank of healthy pediatric samples from over 9700 community children and adolescents. Using this biobank, CALIPER has now established age- and sex-specific reference intervals for over 100 biomarkers including: common biochemical markers, proteins, lipids, and enzymes [9], endocrine and other chemistry markers [10,11], fertility hormones [12], steroid hormones [13], cancer biomarkers [14], vitamins [15], metabolic disease biomarkers [16], testosterone indices [17], and other biochemical markers [17]. A summary of the findings from each of these studies will be discussed here. The specific methodology used by CALIPER to directly establish pediatric reference intervals is explained in Section 3.

2.2.1. Common biochemical markers

The first comprehensive direct reference interval study by CALIPER was published in 2012 and established age- and sex-specific reference intervals for 40 biochemical markers including common chemistry markers, enzymes, lipids and lipoproteins, and proteins [9]. Serum samples from a total of 1072 males and 1116 females (aged 0 to <19 years) were analyzed using Abbott ARCHITECT c8000 assays. This study highlighted the unique age- and sex-related trends observed for each analyte throughout childhood and adolescence. Overall, age-related changes were found to be more common than sex-associated differences, and only one analyte, lipase, required no age or sex partitions. For creatinine, both the Jaffe and enzymatic methods were used, with the Jaffe method yielding higher results, as expected, because the Jaffe assay is known to be more susceptible to interfering substances. Albumin was also measured using two methods (bromcresol green and bromcresol purple); the values obtained using the bromcresol green method were found to be slightly higher than bromcresol purple. Additional interesting findings included elevated values of several biochemical markers in the neonatal period that rapidly declined after 2 weeks of life. However, some markers were found to have the opposite trend (i.e. low values in the neonatal period that subsequently increased), while others were found to have a wider reference interval during the neonatal period. Overall, these findings highlight the profound importance of establishing accurate reference intervals specific to the neonatal period. Furthermore, as the CALIPER cohort is composed of a multiethnic population, a preliminary investigation into differences in biochemical markers of major Canadian ethnic groups was performed. Ethnic differences were demonstrated in only seven of the 40 analytes including alanine aminotransferase, amylase, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, magnesium, total protein, and transferrin. Overall, this foundational study established age- and sex-specific reference intervals based on a large number of healthy pediatric subjects of various ethnic backgrounds.

2.2.2. Biochemical and endocrine markers measured by immunoassay

In 2013, CALIPER published reference intervals for an additional 14 analytes, including endocrine and biochemical markers measured by immunoassay [10]. Serum samples from 736 males and 746 females aged 0–<19 years were analyzed using Abbott ARCHITECT i2000 assays. All 14 analytes required age and/or sex partitioning, with several analytes, including α-fetoprotein (AFP), cortisol, ferritin, FT4, troponin I (TnI), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, requiring additional age partitioning within the first year of life. Of these, AFP, TnI, and ferritin had high concentrations in the neonatal period, decreasing shortly after birth. Several other analytes, including thyroid hormones, had high variance at birth that was reduced by 1 year of age. The majority of analytes had wider reference intervals both during the neonatal period and adolescence, reflecting the influence of growth and development on analyte concentrations.

Although transference studies can be performed to make CALIPER reference intervals applicable to other commonly used analytical platforms (discussed further in Section 4), transference is contingent on a high correlation of assay results between the two analytical systems in question. As there is substantial platform-specific variation for immunoassays, CALIPER is continuing to perform direct reference interval studies for immunoassays on all major analytical platforms. CALIPER established age- and sex-specific reference intervals for 29 endocrine and biochemical markers using the Beckman Coulter DxI 800 Immunoassay System and the Access 2 Immunoassay System (Beckman Coulter instruments – Beckman Coulter Canada Inc, Mississauga, ON, Canada), which were published in 2016 [11]. Overall, similar dynamic patterns in concentration observed using Abbott assays were observed with Beckman assays. One notable difference between the studies was the reduced number of age partitions in the Beckman study, likely due to fewer total participant samples being used [(n = 711 (11) versus n = 1234–1482 [10,12]] although exact sample sizes for each assay vary for a number of reasons, including the number of partitions required and the volume of the sample being used. Additionally, although concentration patterns were largely comparable between Beckman and Abbott assays, differences were observed in concentration ranges for a subset of analytes. This was particularly evident for progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and PTH. More recently, CALIPER established age- and sex-specific reference intervals for 29 immunoassays using Ortho VITROS 5600 assays [18]. Although the age and sex trends in analyte concentration were similar to those observed using Abbott and Beckman assays, some analyte concentrations were higher or lower overall. This was particularly evident in the neonatal population, with higher concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and TSH obtained when measured on Ortho compared with Abbott and Beckman assays. These observations further highlight the importance of establishing assay-specific reference intervals for immunoassays.

2.2.3. Fertility hormones

In 2013, CALIPER established age-, sex-, and Tanner stage-specific reference intervals for seven fertility hormones [12]. In this study, serum samples from 1234 healthy children and adolescents aged 0–<19 years were analyzed using Abbott ARCHITECT i2000 assays. All fertility hormones demonstrated a complex pattern of change in analyte concentration with age and between sexes, requiring some degree of age and sex partitioning, except for prolactin, which required no sex partitioning. Higher concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, FSH, LH, testosterone, and prolactin were observed in the neonatal and infantile period, requiring age-specific references intervals within the first year of life. Most of the hormones remained stable throughout childhood, but marked increases observed in both sexes during adolescence necessitated multiple age partitions. Estradiol, FSH, LH, and progesterone increased to a greater extent in female adolescents, while testosterone increased to a greater extent in male adolescents. Sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), on the other hand, decreased after puberty. Tanner stage-specific reference intervals were also established for these hormones. Each Tanner stage was comprised of a wide range of ages for both males and females. All seven hormones demonstrated similar Tanner stage reference intervals to those determined by sex and age partitioning. Estradiol, FSH, LH, and progesterone markedly increased between Tanner stages I and V in females, but to a lesser extent in males. The opposite was observed for testosterone, with markedly increased concentrations across Tanner stages in males, but to a lesser extent in females. Overall, this study highlighted the complex changes in fertility hormones, particularly throughout adolescence, and underscores the importance of reference intervals specific for the pediatric population.

2.2.4. Steroid hormones

Using a total of 337 serum samples from healthy children and adolescents, CALIPER established age- and sex-specific reference intervals for a panel of eight steroid hormones [13] measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The effect of diurnal variation on cortisol concentration was examined further; cortisol levels were the highest between 7 and 10 am, then declined to minimal levels and spiked again between 12 and 3 pm, although this peak did not reach the maximum levels seen in the early morning. All subjects aged 0–<19 years were included in the diurnal variation analysis of cortisol; however, its concentration was elevated and more variable in the newborn period, necessitating further studies of diurnal variation for this specific age group. All steroid hormones exhibited dynamic age- and sex-related trends. Elevated and variable levels were noted for all steroid hormones except progesterone. Furthermore, most steroid hormones increased at the onset of puberty, with androstenedione, testosterone, and progesterone exhibiting sex differences. Androstenedione and testosterone were higher in males, while progesterone was higher in females. Overall, this study reported pediatric reference intervals for a newly developed LC-MS/MS method that allows simultaneous measurement of eight steroid hormones using a small volume of serum.

2.2.5. Cancer markers

CALIPER established age- and sex-specific reference intervals for 11 cancer biomarkers using 400-700 serum samples (depending on the analyte in question) from healthy children in 2014 [14]. These samples were measured using Abbott ARCHITECT ci4100 assays. Significant age-related trends were noted for all biomarkers, with the exception of anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. Most cancer markers were elevated in the first week of life, followed by a rapid decrease in concentration that remained relatively stable throughout childhood and adolescence. The exceptions to this age-related trend were the cancer antigens (CA125 and CA15–3) that showed slightly lower concentrations in the first week of life and relatively stable concentrations thereafter. Lastly, both free and total prostate-specific antigen concentrations were very low and stable throughout the pediatric age range, with elevated levels in males during adolescence. Overall, this study highlighted the profound differences observed between pediatric and adult reference intervals for cancer biomarkers. Pediatric cancer biomarker reference intervals are useful not only in clinical practice but also in related research.

2.2.6. Vitamins

CALIPER established age- and sex-specific reference intervals for vitamins A and E, as well as ratios of vitamin E to cholesterol (E:C ratio) and triglycerides (E:T ratio) in 2014 [15]. Serum samples from 307 and 330 healthy children and adolescents were collected for vitamin A and vitamin E, respectively, and were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a C18 reverse-phase column. No sex partitioning was required for either analyte. Vitamin A had lower concentrations during the first year of life, then gradually increased with age. Vitamin E required a wide reference interval at birth, which subsequently narrowed and remained stable throughout childhood and adolescence. Both E:C and E:T ratios required no age or sex partitioning, with one reference interval spanning the 1–<19 year age range. Overall, these reference intervals will be useful to monitor nutritional status in the pediatric population and highlight the importance of age-specific reference intervals.

2.2.7. Metabolic disease biomarkers

In 2016, 500 CALIPER samples were used to establish age- and sex-specific reference intervals for 37 amino acids using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), 32 acylcarnitines, as well as free and total carnitine using tandem mass spectrometry, and β-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids using Ortho VITROS 5.1 chemistry analyzer assays [16]. Over 50% of amino acids and over 70% of acylcarnitines required partitioning of reference intervals during the neonatal period. Additionally, 21% of all analytes required partitioning throughout adolescence, and half of these also required sex partitioning. This publication was the first report of sex-specific reference intervals for branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) as well as free and total carnitine for the adolescent population. All three of the branched-chain amino acids required sex-specific reference intervals, with higher levels in males than females in all cases. In addition, free and total carnitine required sex-specific reference intervals in adolescence, with higher levels in females compared to males. Overall, this report will contribute to improved detection and monitoring of several metabolic diseases in the pediatric population.

2.2.8. Testosterone indices

CALIPER established reference intervals for calculated testosterone indices including free testosterone (FT), bioavailable testosterone (BAT), and the free androgen index (FAI) based on a cohort of 471 healthy community children and adolescents in 2015 [17]. Serum samples were measured for total testosterone, SHBG, and albumin using Abbott ARCHITECT ci4100 assays. These parameters were then used to calculate the testosterone indices. FT and BAT were calculated using the Vermeulen equation [19], and FAI was calculated as the percent ratio of total testosterone to SHBG. All calculated testosterone indices exhibited the same age- and sex-related trends throughout the pediatric age range. Levels were initially elevated in males after birth but then declined, with males and females both having low values throughout childhood. At the onset of puberty, all testosterone indices increased to a significantly greater extent in males compared to females.

2.2.9. Other biochemical markers

A total of 1917 healthy CALIPER samples were used to measure serum concentrations of an additional 14 biochemical markers using Abbott ARCHITECT ci4100 assays in 2015 [20]. Again, age- and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals were subsequently established. The majority of analytes exhibited dynamic changes in concentration throughout the pediatric age range and required at least three age partitions. Exceptions to this included cholinesterase, cholinesterase-dibucaine number, and immunoglobulin E which required only two age partitions, and α-1-antitrypsin which required only one age partition. Additionally, eight of the 14 markers, including C-peptide, ceruloplasmin, and insulin, required age partitions within the first year of life. Furthermore, levels of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) and anti-thyroperoxidase (anti-TPO) were below the detection limit of the assay for the entire pediatric age range. These findings further emphasize the need for accurate pediatric reference intervals.

2.3. Knowledge translation strategies

The rigorous process undertaken to directly sample pediatric subjects, perform accurate laboratory analysis, and statistically analyze data to establish age- and sex-specific reference intervals has resulted in a CALIPER database of unprecedented richness, underscoring the importance of research on circulating biomarkers. To ensure that this database of invaluable information is disseminated to healthcare and laboratory professionals, CALIPER has begun several knowledge translation (KT) initiatives. First, all reference intervals established using the CALIPER cohort have been reported in peer-reviewed publications, and have been presented at regional and international conferences and workshops. CALIPER has additionally used innovative KT tools including the CALIPER web database (www.caliperproject.ca) and a novel mobile application of the database. These technological tools allow physicians and laboratory personnel, as well as patients and parents, the ability to view pediatric reference intervals and interpret a child’s laboratory test results based on the CALIPER database. Following the implementation of CALIPER KT strategies, there has been widespread adoption and implementation of CALIPER reference intervals by hospitals across Canada, the United States, and globally. CALIPER has been providing direct support to clinical laboratories interested in implementing CALIPER reference intervals by providing healthy pediatric samples to validate the CALIPER ranges on each local laboratory system and by offering advice and support on data analysis and implementation. A series of transference studies to transfer CALIPER reference intervals from Abbott assays (the instrument used initially to establish CALIPER reference intervals) to assays on Beckman Coulter, Ortho, Roche, and Siemens instruments (Siemens Instruments – Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc, Newark, NJ) have also increased the wide-spread applicability of the CALIPER database to laboratories using any one of these major analytical platforms.

3. CALIPER methodology for determination of direct population-based reference intervals

CALIPER has employed consistent procedures for recruiting pediatric participants, collecting blood samples and health information, analyzing samples, and statistical analysis to determine covariate-specific reference intervals. In this section, the methodology used by CALIPER to establish direct population-based reference intervals will be discussed.

3.1. Participant recruitment and defining a reference population

A schematic of the relationship between a fit-for-purpose laboratory reference interval and the population it serves, as proposed by CLSI, is shown in Figure 1(B). Importantly, it highlights that the first step of selecting appropriate reference individuals largely determines the quality of the resulting reference interval [21]. Reference sample groups should be established by direct sampling of reference individuals from the age group(s) of interest using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Direct sampling of an appropriately selected reference population is the approach recommended by CLSI, and assessment and subsequent exclusion of any unhealthy individuals increases the validity and appropriateness of the reference interval [1]. Reference individuals should be as similar as possible to the target patient in all aspects other than the disease or condition under investigation.

Figure 1. (A) Reference interval, defined as the central 95% of laboratory test results from a healthy, reference population. A representative normal distribution for analyte concentration is shown. (B) Schematic of establishing reference intervals using the direct method. Adopted from CLSI EP28-A3c guideline [1].

3.2. Sample acquisition

CALIPER recruits healthy children and adolescents from birth up to (but excluding) 19 years of age from the greater Toronto and Hamilton areas. CALIPER community clinics are held at schools, daycares, community centers, and camps to collect blood samples from healthy children and adolescents. In addition, CALIPER occasionally recruits participants through information booths at the Hospital for Sick Children and the CALIPER website (www.caliperproject.ca). Interested participants and their parents provide informed consent by completing written consent forms, which are verified by CALIPER staff and volunteers. Once consented, participants complete a health questionnaire about personal and family health history and demographic information. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, and waist circumference, are taken. Participants may also be asked to complete an optional self-report on Tanner stage, a measure of sexual maturity. Tanner staging, created by Marshall and Tanner, is the 5-stage standard clinical system used to describe normal pubertal development [22,23]. Blood collection amount is determined by age, with participants aged 0–<1 year donating 3.5 ml of blood, participants aged 1–<11 years donating 7 ml of blood and participants aged 11–<19 years donating 10.5 ml of blood. Blood samples are collected in serum separator tubes, and are centrifuged, separated, and aliquoted within 4 h of collection. Serum aliquots are kept frozen in the CALIPER biobank at −80 °C until testing. CALIPER clinics are held throughout the year on mornings, afternoons, or evenings. Therefore, while date and time of blood collection are recorded, they do vary across samples. Furthermore, fasting is not required, although the time since the last meal is recorded. As remuneration, participants are provided a small cash gift, two volunteer hours (a minimum number of volunteer hours are mandatory for completion of high school in Ontario), and a choice of a CALIPER t-shirt, teddy bear, or storybook.

3.3. Selecting a reference sample group

Upon successful recruitment, a reference sample group is selected to obtain reference values. CALIPER applies several exclusion criteria to subjects when selecting serum samples to analyze. Exclusion criteria include pregnancy, history of chronic illness or metabolic disease, acute illness within the week preceding donation, and use of prescription medication within the 2 weeks preceding donation. Following the application of exclusion criteria, the study population is randomly selected from the remaining healthy participants while ensuring a balanced age and sex distribution. Additionally, efforts are made to ensure that the multiethnic composition of the reference sample reflects that of the province of Ontario as reported by the 2006 Ontario census (Statistics Canada) [24].

3.4. Sample analysis

Batch analysis of samples to obtain reference values is performed after selecting the reference sample group’s frozen aliquots and thawing at 5 °C. Analytical methods are verified according to the manufacturer’s instructions through preventive maintenance, function checks, calibration, and quality control. Calibration is performed after initial assay set-up on the analyzer and each time a reagent kit with a new lot number is used, as per manufacturer's instructions. Quality control procedures are performed for each assay prior to testing, for each day that sample testing is conducted. Quality control results are examined to ensure that the values are within the recommended range for each control level. All samples undergo automated interference analysis for hemolysis, icterus, and turbidity. The majority of direct reference interval studies used assays performed on Abbott ARCHITECT instrumentation, using the c8000 [9], the i2000 [10,12], or the ci4100 [14,17,20] model. Additional direct reference interval studies used LC-MS/MS [13,16], HPLC [15], UPLC [16], or Ortho VITROS 5.1 [16], Ortho VITROS 5600 [18] or Beckman Coulter DxI or Access 2 assays [11].

3.5. Statistical analysis

CALIPER has published several reference interval studies (discussed in the preceding section) [9–17,20]. All direct reference interval studies used a robust statistical method based on CLSI guideline C28-A3 [1] (Figure 2). Once the reference values of the analyte of interest are determined through analysis of the reference sample group’s serum samples, scatterplots and boxplots are created to visually inspect the data. Extreme outliers are identified by visual inspection and subsequently removed. Visual inspection of scatterplots of age against analyte concentration is used to identify potential age and sex partitions. To determine if these partitions are statistically significant, the Harris and Boyd method is used. This method suggests partitioning if the ratio of the subgroup standard deviations is ≥1.5 [25] and examines not only the differences in means, but also the differences in standard deviation between two subgroups. Statistically significant age and sex partitions are then reviewed with clinical experts and partitions may be collapsed if appropriate. Following confirmation or rejection of suspected partitions, data in each individual partition are transformed using the Box–Cox transformation method to obtain a Gaussian distribution. Following transformation, the normality of each partition is assessed using quantile–quantile (Q–Q) plots and the Shapiro–Wilk test. If data are normally distributed following transformation, outliers are removed using the Tukey test twice [26]. However, if data remain skewed following transformation, outliers are removed using the adjusted Tukey test twice, which accounts for skewness of the data [27]. Following outlier removal, reference intervals are calculated for partitions with a sample size ≥120 using the non-parametric rank method [1], and corresponding 90% confidence intervals around the upper and lower limits are calculated using ranked observations. For partitions with a sample size >40 and <120, the robust method of Horn and Pesce is used for reference interval calculation [28], and 90% confidence intervals of the limits are calculated using percentile bootstrap estimates.

Figure 2. Robust statistical algorithm used by CALIPER to establish pediatric reference intervals using the direct method in accordance with CLSI EP28-A3c guideline [1].

4. CALIPER reference interval transference across analytical assays

When reference intervals are developed, they are specific to the method, instrument and population from which they were established. Rather than creating direct reference intervals for each laboratory, which would be extremely costly and labor-intensive, reference intervals can be transferred from one laboratory (or instrument) to another. The majority of CALIPER reference intervals originally established on Abbott assays have since been transferred to assays from other manufacturers including Beckman Coulter, Ortho, Roche, and Siemens [29–32].

To transfer reference intervals, CALIPER uses an approach in accordance with CLSI guidelines C28-A3c and EP9-A2 [1,33] (Figure 3). First, 200 patient samples are analyzed on the assay that was used to establish the original reference interval (donor) and the assay that the reference interval is being transferred to (receiver). Samples are selected to ensure that a broad age, sex, and concentration/activity range is covered for each analyte under study.

Figure 3. Statistical algorithm used by CALIPER to transfer and verify pediatric reference intervals in accordance with CLSI EP28-A3c and EP9-A2 guidelines [1,33].

Statistical analysis of the analyte concentrations obtained from the donor and receiver assays are plotted against each other. Similar to the method used for reference interval establishment, gross outliers are identified and removed by visual inspection. The line of best fit is determined differently according to the R² value. Simple linear regression using the least squares approach is used if the R² ≥ 0.95, and Deming regression is used if 0.70 < R² < 0.95. An R² < 0.70 indicates that the correlation between the instruments is inadequate and the reference interval cannot be transferred.

The appropriateness of the linear model is assessed by examining Q–Q plots, standardized residual plots, and Bland–Altman plots. The Q–Q plots are used to assess the normality of the residuals, with points close to the line y = x representing a normal distribution. The standardized residual plot was used to assess the random distribution of residuals. If trends, patterns or clusters were observed, the reference interval was considered non-transferable. Then the Bland–Altman plot was visually inspected, with a random distribution of points, and absence of patterns, clustering or trends suggestive of no bias in the relationship between the methods. If all three graphical analyses demonstrate acceptable method transference, the reference interval is transferred using the line of best fit. Otherwise, transference is deemed inappropriate and a full reference interval study must be performed. The 95% confidence intervals around each reference limit are also determined. Lastly, the transferred reference intervals are verified using approximately 100 healthy CALIPER reference samples. The percentage of reference sample values that fall within the transferred reference intervals and confidence intervals are determined. The reference interval is considered fully verified, according to CLSI guidelines [33], if at least 90% of reference sample values fall within the transferred reference interval. Individual clinical laboratories should verify CALIPER reference intervals on their local platform and population prior to implementing them in clinical practice, as recommended by CLSI [1].

5. CALIPER sub-studies

In addition to establishing direct reference intervals and transferring these to assays on other instruments, CALIPER has performed several sub-studies, including pre-analytical factors, biological variation, and the influence of ethnicity and sexual development on reference values, to further examine areas of interest in pediatric laboratory medicine. Each CALIPER sub-study is summarized here and references to the detailed published studies are provided as resources.

5.1. Preanalytical factors

Preanalytical factors examined by CALIPER include sample stability at specific storage conditions, fasting status and time of sample collection. To examine the effect of storage time on analyte concentration, CALIPER determined the stability of 57 chemistry, protein, and hormone analytes stored at −80 °C on assays for three analytical instruments (Ortho VITROS Chemistry System, Roche cobas Integra 400 Plus, and Siemens Immulite 2500) [34]. Samples from children and adolescents (aged 0–18 years) were analyzed at monthly intervals over 10–13 months and each aliquot was subjected to one freeze-thaw cycle prior to analysis. The majority of analytes examined in this study, with the exception of PTH, were stable when stored at −80 °C [34], suggesting that with appropriate storage, most pediatric samples do not require immediate testing for reference interval determination.

Given the challenging nature of obtaining fasting samples from the pediatric population, particularly from neonates, CALIPER analyzed the change in concentration of 38 routine clinical chemistry analytes measured at fasting, postprandial, and random time points throughout the day [35]. This study was performed on 27 healthy children and adolescents (aged 4–<19 years) by obtaining blood samples after an overnight fast, immediately after a mid-morning breakfast, 2 h after lunch, and in the late afternoon [35]. Data analysis revealed significant differences in concentration for a number of analytes depending on fasting state and time of blood sample collection [35]. These observations confirmed some (e.g. triglycerides), but not all (e.g. glucose), analytes known to vary between the fasting and postprandial state, but also identified some chemistry markers not previously known to significantly change with food intake (e.g. immunoglobulins). It is important for pediatricians to be aware of these physiological variations in concentration for specific analytes to ensure informed decisions are made when ordering fasting, random, postprandial, or serial sample testing for pediatric patients.

5.2. Biological variation

Understanding biological variation is important for both patient monitoring and establishing quality specifications. CALIPER examined short-term biological variation to further understand the physiological changes that occur within and between pediatric subjects for 38 chemistry, lipid, enzyme, and protein analytes [36]. Four blood samples were obtained from 29 healthy children and adolescents (aged 4–<19 years) at different time points throughout an 8-h day [36]. Within- and between-person biological variation, reference change values, and index of individuality were established for these 38 analytes [36]. This study was the first to provide insight into physiological changes that occur within and between pediatric individuals, which quality specifications are suitable for a given test, and how and when to use reference intervals appropriately.

5.3. Indirect versus direct approach to establishing reference intervals

Reference intervals can be established indirectly using historical patient data or directly by testing specimens obtained from healthy subjects. CALIPER compared these two approaches to validate the utility of the indirect approach for use in the pediatric population [37]. CALIPER reference intervals established via direct analysis of healthy child and adolescent specimens were compared with reference intervals established indirectly from hospital-based data using the Hoffman approach. The Hoffman approach aims to identify statistically the portion of a large dataset that represents healthy individuals and to extrapolate these data to determine the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles [38]. Indirect reference intervals were generally wider than those calculated using the CALIPER direct approach described in detail above [37]. In fact, no reference intervals from the indirect approach fell within the 90% confidence intervals calculated with the direct approach [37]. Thus, although the indirect approach removes the challenge of recruiting healthy individuals, reference intervals robustly established using the direct approach are more accurate and applicable to clinical practice.

5.4. Decision limits

Some biochemical markers require the use of decision limits rather than reference intervals. Decision limits are determined from clinical outcome studies or consensus statements based on expert opinion. When a test value exceeds the decision limit, a diagnostic decision can be made. This contrasts with a reference interval that simply defines the range encompassing 95% of values in a healthy reference population. CALIPER has determined and reported decision limits for two analytes: high sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and direct bilirubin [39,40]. The 99th percentile limit of hs-cTnI established from a healthy reference population is used for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction [41]. CALIPER explored the potential sex and age effects on hs-cTnI concentrations in a group of healthy children and adolescents from the CALIPER cohort, as well as the effect of outlier removal on deriving the 97.5th and 99th percentiles as decision limits [39]. This study showed no apparent age or sex difference in hs-cTnI concentration, but concluded that a larger sample size than that recommended by the IFCC (i.e. 300 healthy individuals to establish a 99th percentile) is necessary to prevent inappropriate removal of data as outliers [39]. Total and direct bilirubin are routinely measured for the differential diagnosis of hyperbilirubinemias; however, clinical decision limits for the interpretation of direct bilirubin in pediatrics has been lacking [40]. Total and direct bilirubin were measured in serum samples from 795 healthy children and adolescents; it was concluded that a direct bilirubin concentration of ≥10 µmol/L or >10% of total bilirubin should be used as a decision limit to consider the presence of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia if total bilirubin is also above the reference interval [40].

5.5. Ethnicity and Tanner stage as additional covariates

Several covariates can influence the physiological concentrations of common laboratory markers. CALIPER has thus far partitioned reference intervals by age and sex; however, ethnicity and sexual development may also substantially influence partitioning. Identifying analytes which are significantly affected by these covariates is essential to ensure appropriate reference intervals are established and implemented across populations. CALIPER has performed preliminary analysis on the effect of ethnicity among major ethnic groups including Caucasians, South Asians, East Asians, and others [9,10,12]. Preliminary analysis of the influence of ethnicity was performed in three direct CALIPER reference interval studies that looked at biochemical markers [9], fertility hormones [12], and other chemistry/endocrine markers [10]. Across all three studies, approximately 26% of analytes were found to be significantly different between at least two ethnic groups; however the clinical significance was not assessed. CALIPER is currently performing a more robust and comprehensive analysis of the effect of ethnicity, which will be discussed in “Current and future directions”. The effect of sexual development on reference intervals was examined in Konforte et al. to specifically determine how fertility hormones differ depending on the stage of sexual development [12]. Tanner stages were determined via self-assessment of consenting CALIPER participants. Tanner stage-specific reference intervals were established for fertility hormones.

5.6. Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) collaboration

The CHMS, a program of Statistics Canada, is a nation-wide initiative aimed at addressing limitations within Canada’s health information system [42]. From March 2007 through February 2009, Cycle 1 of the CHMS collected comprehensive health information and blood samples from participants aged 6–<80 years. From August 2009 through November 2011, Cycle 2 of the CHMS collected data from participants aged 3–<80 years. Their sampling was representative of approximately 96% of the Canadian population, and excluded only full-time members of the Canadian Forces, people living on reserves or in other aboriginal settlements, residents of institutions, and people living in certain remote regions. The survey consisted of an initial in-home interview to collect general health information (i.e. nutrition, smoking habits, and medical history), followed by a visit to a mobile examination center to obtain biological samples and direct physical body measures (i.e. height, weight, and blood pressure). Additional details on design and sampling procedures of the CHMS are available at www.statcan.gc.ca/chms.

Through collaboration with Statistics Canada, CALIPER accessed data from the CHMS Cycles 1 and 2, including approximately 12,000 Canadians aged 3–<80 years, to establish age- and sex-specific reference intervals. This collaboration has allowed CALIPER to expand its reference interval database beyond the pediatric population, to include adult and geriatric populations and to determine how representative the CALIPER cohort is of the greater Canadian population. Additionally, as analysis of hematologic parameters requires immediate analysis of whole blood samples, which can be ogistically challenging and costly, this collaboration allowed CALIPER to establish reference intervals for hematology markers for the first time. Overall, CALIPER examined age- and sex-specific changes in biochemical markers [43], endocrine and other chemistry markers [44], and hematology markers [45], and subsequently established a comprehensive database of reference intervals for pediatric, adult, and geriatric Canadian populations.

As the CALIPER cohort has primarily been recruited from the greater Toronto and Hamilton regions and the CHMS participants were recruited at 16 sites across Canada, this provided a valuable opportunity to determine if the CALIPER cohort is similar to that of CHMS and if it is representative of the Canadian population. Extensive similarities were noted between CALIPER and CHMS data, which confirms that the CALIPER cohort is sufficiently representative of the Canadian population. Figures 4 and 5 show scatterplots of overlapping CALIPER and CHMS data for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine, respectively. The majority of analytes measured in both the CALIPER and CHMS studies also showed great similarities in both concentration and age- and sex-related trends. Additionally, significant differences were noted between the pediatric and adult population for several analytes, further highlighting the importance of establishing reference intervals specific for the pediatric population. Most notable were the significant age-related trends observed for creatinine and uric acid, in which concentrations were much lower in the pediatric compared to adult population [43]. Similarly, ALP and phosphate were also profoundly different across the age range, with significantly higher values in the pediatric compared to adult population [43]. These examples underscore the potential risk to patient safety of using inappropriate reference intervals, as patients can be misclassified due to incorrect interpretation of laboratory test results.

Figure 4. Scatterplots comparing alkaline phosphatase concentration obtained by the CALIPER [9] and CHMS [43] studies for (A) the entire age range covered by both studies (0–<80 years), and (B) the overlapping age range (3–<19 years).

Figure 5. Scatterplots comparing creatinine concentration obtained by the CALIPER [9] and CHMS [43] studies for (A) the entire age range covered by both studies (0–<80 years), and (B) the overlapping age range (3–<19 years).

6. Current and future directions of CALIPER

Despite CALIPER’s enormous contributions, significant evidence gaps remain in the development of a truly comprehensive national pediatric reference interval database. CALIPER plans to continue its initiative to close the remaining gaps and expand the current database of pediatric reference intervals.

6.1. Ethnic-specific reference intervals

Numerous studies have demonstrated that the lack of consideration for ethnicity-related differences in biomarker levels can pose serious risks to patient safety [46–50]. Therefore, Canada’s multi-ethnic population compels a careful examination of the influence of ethnicity on pediatric reference intervals to minimize diagnostic error. To expand on the preliminary analysis of the changes in biomarker concentration with ethnicity, CALIPER is currently performing a more comprehensive and robust analysis comparing serum concentrations of laboratory biomarkers in four of the major Canadian ethnic groups (i.e. Caucasians, East Asians, South Asians, and Afro-Caribbeans). Ethnicity-specific reference intervals may need to be calculated for a select group of analytes that show statistically and clinically significant differences among ethnic groups examined.

6.2. Neonatal and infantile reference intervals

The CALIPER pediatric reference interval database is extremely robust from 1 to <19 years of age. However, the data available for neonates and infants (0–<1 year) are limited by the fact that these samples were collected primarily from outpatient clinics. CALIPER is initiating a new project to address this limitation by establishing comprehensive neonatal and infant reference intervals through recruitment of expectant mothers to allow monitoring of circulating biomarkers at birth and throughout the first year of life. This will provide, for the first time, complete reference interval data for neonates and infants, which is currently very limited due to difficulties in recruitment and blood collection in this age group. As CALIPER will be recruiting pregnant women, trimester-specific reference intervals, which are also severely lacking, will be established. These planned studies will lead to improved healthcare for neonates and infants in complex, tertiary care pediatric centers, and pregnant women across Canada.

6.3. Fasting versus postprandial blood sampling

Collecting a blood sample in the fasting versus postprandial (i.e. after a meal) state is an important pre-analytical consideration that can introduce test result variability for a subset of analytes. While most analytes are not altered following consumption of a meal, and, therefore, can be measured in a random sample (i.e. anytime, irrespective of hours fasted), some analytes are significantly altered in the postprandial state. Most notably, laboratory tests used to diagnose metabolic abnormalities, including type 2 diabetes and lipid disorders (i.e. glucose and triglycerides, respectively) vary considerably between the fasting and postprandial states and, therefore, have traditionally required patients to fast 10–12 h prior to blood sample collection. However, postprandial rather than fasting measurements may be more informative of the metabolic status of an individual and subsequently may be a more valuable measure of metabolic abnormalities in insulin resistant states and a better predictor of future cardiovascular disease risk. In fact, a prospective study of over 26,000 US women showed that non-fasting triglyceride levels were independently associated with incident cardiovascular events, while fasting levels showed little independent relationship [51]. As several analytes involved in lipid metabolism are secreted following a meal and thus play physiological roles in the postprandial state, it is not surprising that the postprandial profile may be a valuable, or even superior, measure of abnormal lipid metabolism. CALIPER plans to study the postprandial profile of analytes involved in postprandial lipid metabolism in adolescents by collecting blood samples at fasting and specified time points following ingestion of a high-fat drink. Analytes implicated in postprandial lipid metabolism include intestinal apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48)-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (i.e. chylomicrons), which carry dietary lipids throughout the circulation; their breakdown products (i.e. remnant lipoproteins), which have been implicated in cardiovascular disease risk (reviewed in [52]); as well as gut peptides (e.g. glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and GLP-2), which are secreted following nutrient ingestion and have been recently implicated in regulating lipid metabolism (reviewed in [53,54]). Similar to using the oral glucose tolerance test to determine impaired glucose tolerance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes, the “oral fat tolerance test” may be a helpful tool to determine impaired lipid tolerance and increased risk for cardiovascular events.

6.4. External quality assurance program

To ensure continual relevance of CALIPER reference intervals in clinical practice, now and in the future, it is imperative to monitor instrument-specific reagent formulations and method calibrations in each clinical laboratory. Accordingly, a CALIPER Quality Assurance Program is essential to maintain the accuracy of the CALIPER reference interval database in the face of changing methodologies, reagent formulations, and calibration biases. CALIPER will be developing and instituting an external quality assurance (EQA) program that will be anchored to CALIPER. This will be done in collaboration with CEQAL (www.ceqal.com), a world-leading reference method laboratory specialized in the delivery of accuracy assessment solutions for improving the quality of testing in healthcare. CALIPER’s goal is not only to provide laboratories with appropriate reference intervals but also to encourage harmonization of pediatric reference intervals across all clinical laboratories, particularly those using the same instrumentation/reagents.

6.5. National and global knowledge translation

CALIPER plans to continue its KT campaign to implement pediatric reference intervals into medical laboratories and hospitals across Canada and globally. In addition to continual updates to the online database and mobile device application (app), CALIPER plans to support laboratories in Canada and around the world that wish to implement CALIPER reference intervals in clinical practice. A national KT campaign has already begun in collaboration with senior clinicians and laboratory directors in Canadian hospitals. This campaign will aid in implementing CALIPER reference intervals to achieve Canada-wide harmonization of laboratory test interpretation. Implementation of CALIPER reference intervals will lead to harmonized and evidence-based clinical decision making, will reduce diagnostic errors, and will improve the quality of pediatric healthcare in Canada.

7. Pediatric reference interval tables – the CALIPER database

A compendium of CALIPER reference value data is reported here, providing a single resource for clinical laboratories and clinical programs to access the complete CALIPER database published to-date. Data are included for laboratory markers measured on all major clinical chemistry platforms for routine application and implementation in clinical practice (Tables 1–9).

Table 1. Pediatric reference intervals for the Abbott ARCHITECT – age and sex specific.

		Female reference interval					Male reference interval
			SI units		CON units			SI units		CON units
Analyte	Age	N	LL	UL	LL	UL	N	LL	UL	LL	UL
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)^a	0–<1 yr	348	5 U/L	33 U/L	5 U/L	33 U/L	348	5 U/L	33 U/L	5 U/L	33 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	542	9 U/L	25 U/L	9 U/L	25 U/L	542	9 U/L	25 U/L	9 U/L	25 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	180	8 U/L	22 U/L	8 U/L	22 U/L	162	9 U/L	24 U/L	9 U/L	24 U/L
ALT with pyridoxal phosphate (ALT ACT)^a	0–<1 yr	177	5 U/L	51 U/L	5 U/L	51 U/L	177	5 U/L	51 U/L	5 U/L	51 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	503	11 U/L	30 U/L	11 U/L	30 U/L	503	11 U/L	30 U/L	11 U/L	30 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	171	8 U/L	24 U/L	8 U/L	24 U/L	173	10 U/L	33 U/L	10 U/L	33 U/L
Albumin G (bromcresol green)^a	0–<15 d	191	33 g/L	45 g/L	3.3 g/dL	4.5 g/dL	191	33 g/L	45 g/L	3.3 g/dL	4.5 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	156	28 g/L	47 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	156	28 g/L	47 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	298	38 g/L	47 g/L	3.8 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	298	38 g/L	47 g/L	3.8 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	388	41 g/L	48 g/L	4.1 g/dL	4.8 g/dL	388	41 g/L	48 g/L	4.1 g/dL	4.8 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	119	40 g/L	49 g/L	4.0 g/dL	4.9 g/dL	123	41 g/L	51 g/L	4.1 g/dL	5.1 g/dL
Albumin P (bromcresol purple)^a	0–<15 d	182	28 g/L	41 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.1 g/dL	182	28 g/L	41 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.1 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	153	25 g/L	46 g/L	2.5 g/dL	4.6 g/dL	153	25 g/L	46 g/L	2.5 g/dL	4.6 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	298	35 g/L	45 g/L	3.5 g/dL	4.5 g/dL	298	35 g/L	45 g/L	3.5 g/dL	4.5 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	390	37 g/L	47 g/L	3.7 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	390	37 g/L	47 g/L	3.7 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	119	35 g/L	49 g/L	3.5 g/dL	4.9 g/dL	123	38 g/L	50 g/L	3.8 g/dL	5.0 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)^a	0–<15 d	155	90 U/L	273 U/L	90 U/L	273 U/L	155	90 U/L	273 U/L	90 U/L	273 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	147	134 U/L	518 U/L	134 U/L	518 U/L	147	134 U/L	518 U/L	134 U/L	518 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	391	156 U/L	369 U/L	156 U/L	369 U/L	391	156 U/L	369 U/L	156 U/L	369 U/L
	10–<13 yrs	154	141 U/L	460 U/L	141 U/L	460 U/L	154	141 U/L	460 U/L	141 U/L	460 U/L
	13–<15 yrs	68	62 U/L	280 U/L	62 U/L	280 U/L	66	127 U/L	517 U/L	127 U/L	517 U/L
	15–<17 yrs	74	54 U/L	128 U/L	54 U/L	128 U/L	64	89 U/L	365 U/L	89 U/L	365 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	40	48 U/L	95 U/L	48 U/L	95 U/L	54	59 U/L	164 U/L	59 U/L	164 U/L
Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT)^b	0–<19 yrs	675	1.10 g/L	1.81 g/L	110 mg/dL	181 mg/dL	675	1.10 g/L	1.81 g/L	110 mg/dL	181 mg/dL
Alpha-1-glycoprotein (AGP)^b	0–<6 m	77	0.21 g/L	0.85 g/L	21 mg/dL	85 mg/dL	77	0.21 g/L	0.85 g/L	21 mg/dL	85 mg/dL
	6 m–<5 yrs	259	0.48 g/L	2.01 g/L	48 mg/dL	201 mg/dL	259	0.48 g/L	2.01 g/L	48 mg/dL	201 mg/dL
	5–<19 yrs	450	0.48 g/L	1.14 g/L	48 mg/dL	114 mg/dL	450	0.48 g/L	1.14 g/L	48 mg/dL	114 mg/dL
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)^c	0–<1 m	113	NA	>2000 µg/L	NA	>2000 ng/mL	113	NA	>2000 µg/L	NA	>2000 ng/mL
	1–<6 m	44	10 µg/L	1359 µg/L	10 ng/mL	1359 ng/mL	44	10 µg/L	1359 µg/L	10 ng/mL	1359 ng/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	57	0 µg/L	103 µg/L	0 ng/mL	103 ng/mL	57	0 µg/L	103 µg/L	0 ng/mL	103 ng/mL
	1–<19 yrs	252	1 µg/L	35 µg/L	1 ng/mL	35 ng/mL	252	1 µg/L	35 µg/L	1 ng/mL	35 ng/mL
Amylase^a	0–<15 d	129	3 U/L	10 U/L	3 U/L	10 U/L	129	3 U/L	10 U/L	3 U/L	10 U/L
	15 d–<13 wks	62	2 U/L	22 U/L	2 U/L	22 U/L	62	2 U/L	22 U/L	2 U/L	22 U/L
	13 wks–<1 yr	235	3 U/L	50 U/L	3 U/L	50 U/L	235	3 U/L	50 U/L	3 U/L	50 U/L
	1–<19 yrs	938	25 U/L	101 U/L	25 U/L	101 U/L	938	25 U/L	101 U/L	25 U/L	101 U/L
Amylase, pancreatic (AmyP)^b	0–<6 m	67	0.0 U/L	11.5 U/L	0.0 U/L	11.5 U/L	67	0.0 U/L	11.5 U/L	0.0 U/L	11.5 U/L
	6 m–<1 yr	59	0.6 U/L	23.2 U/L	0.6 U/L	23.2 U/L	59	0.6 U/L	23.2 U/L	0.6 U/L	23.2 U/L
	1–<2 yrs	59	2.6 U/L	27.8 U/L	2.6 U/L	27.8 U/L	62	0.7 U/L	22.5 U/L	0.7 U/L	22.5 U/L
	2–<19 yrs	517	4.1 U/L	31.3 U/L	4.1 U/L	31.3 U/L	517	4.1 U/L	31.3 U/L	4.1 U/L	31.3 U/L
Androgen Index, Free (FAI)^d	0–<1 yr	103	0.0 %	1.3 %	0.0 %	1.3 %	43	0.0 %	32.7 %	0.0 %	32.7 %
	1–<9 yrs	103	0.0 %	1.3 %	0.0 %	1.3 %	68	0.0 %	0.6 %	0.0 %	0.6 %
	9–<14 yrs	66	0.1 %	2.6 %	0.1 %	2.6 %	53	0.2 %	34.7 %	0.2 %	34.7 %
	14–<19 yrs	65	0.6 %	6.5 %	0.6 %	6.5 %	60	3.6 %	83.3 %	3.6 %	83.3 %
Antistreptolysin-O (ASO)^a	0–<6 m	63	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	63	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	58	0 IU/mL	30 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	30 IU/mL	58	0 IU/mL	30 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	30 IU/mL
	1–<6 yrs	127	0 IU/mL	104 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	104 IU/mL	127	0 IU/mL	104 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	104 IU/mL
	6–<19 yrs	603	0 IU/mL	331 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	331 IU/mL	603	0 IU/mL	331 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	331 IU/mL
Anti-cyclic citrullated protein (Anti-CCP)^b	0–<19 yrs	147	<0.5 U/mL	NA	<0.5 U/mL	NA	151	<0.5 U/mL	NA	<0.5 U/mL	NA
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO)^b	0–<19 yrs	147	<1.0 IU/mL	NA	<1.0 IU/mL	NA	151	<1.0 IU/mL	NA	<1.0 IU/mL	NA
Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (Anti-Tg)^c	0–<19 yrs	387	0.4 kIU/L	17.7 kIU/L	0.4 IU/mL	17.7 IU/mL	387	0.4 kIU/L	17.7 kIU/L	0.4 IU/mL	17.7 IU/mL
Apolipoprotein AI (Apo AI)^a	0–<15 d	11	0.71 g/L	0.97 g/L	71 mg/dL	97 mg/dL	13	0.62 g/L	0.91 g/L	62 mg/dL	91 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	124	0.53 g/L	1.75 g/L	53 mg/dL	175 mg/dL	124	0.53 g/L	1.75 g/L	53 mg/dL	175 mg/dL
	1–<14 yrs	574	0.80 g/L	1.64 g/L	80 mg/dL	164 mg/dL	574	0.80 g/L	1.64 g/L	80 mg/dL	164 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	302	0.72 g/L	1.54 g/L	72 mg/dL	154 mg/dL	302	0.72 g/L	1.54 g/L	72 mg/dL	154 mg/dL
Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)^a	0–<15 d	135	0.09 g/L	0.67 g/L	9 mg/dL	67 mg/dL	135	0.09 g/L	0.67 g/L	9 mg/dL	67 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	150	0.19 g/L	1.23 g/L	19 mg/dL	123 mg/dL	150	0.19 g/L	1.23 g/L	19 mg/dL	123 mg/dL
	1–<6 yrs	196	0.41 g/L	0.93 g/L	41 mg/dL	93 mg/dL	196	0.41 g/L	0.93 g/L	41 mg/dL	93 mg/dL
	6–<19 yrs	697	0.31 g/L	0.84 g/L	31 mg/dL	84 mg/dL	697	0.31 g/L	0.84 g/L	31 mg/dL	84 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)^a	0–<15 d	210	32 U/L	162 U/L	32 U/L	162 U/L	210	32 U/L	162 U/L	32 U/L	162 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	140	20 U/L	67 U/L	20 U/L	67 U/L	140	20 U/L	67 U/L	20 U/L	67 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	262	21 U/L	44 U/L	21 U/L	44 U/L	262	21 U/L	44 U/L	21 U/L	44 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	236	18 U/L	36 U/L	18 U/L	36 U/L	236	18 U/L	36 U/L	18 U/L	36 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	208	13 U/L	26 U/L	13 U/L	26 U/L	197	14 U/L	35 U/L	14 U/L	35 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase with pyridoxal phosphate (AST ACT)^a	0–<15 d	145	23 U/L	186 U/L	23 U/L	186 U/L	145	23 U/L	186 U/L	23 U/L	186 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	141	23 U/L	83 U/L	23 U/L	83 U/L	141	23 U/L	83 U/L	23 U/L	83 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	225	26 U/L	55 U/L	26 U/L	55 U/L	225	26 U/L	55 U/L	26 U/L	55 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	229	22 U/L	41 U/L	22 U/L	41 U/L	229	22 U/L	41 U/L	22 U/L	41 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	209	17 U/L	33 U/L	17 U/L	33 U/L	194	18 U/L	40 U/L	18 U/L	40 U/L
Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M)^b	0–<3 m	60	1.89 mg/L	5.81 mg/L	0.19 mg/dL	0.58 mg/dL	60	1.91 mg/L	4.70 mg/L	0.19 mg/dL	0.47 mg/dL
	3 m–<2 yrs	174	1.31 mg/L	4.54 mg/L	0.13 mg/dL	0.45 mg/dL	174	1.31 mg/L	4.54 mg/L	0.13 mg/dL	0.45 mg/dL
	2–<19 yrs	240	1.19 mg/L	2.25 mg/L	0.12 mg/dL	0.23 mg/dL	240	1.19 mg/L	2.25 mg/L	0.12 mg/dL	0.23 mg/dL
Bilirubin, direct^a	0–<15 d	171	5.7 µmol/L	12.1 µmol/L	0.33 mg/dL	0.71 mg/dL	171	5.7 µmol/L	12.1 µmol/L	0.33 mg/dL	0.71 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	108	0.8 µmol/L	5.2 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.30 mg/dL	108	0.8 µmol/L	5.2 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.30 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	281	0.8 µmol/L	3.4 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.20 mg/dL	281	0.8 µmol/L	3.4 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.20 mg/dL
	9–<13 yrs	181	0.8 µmol/L	5.0 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.29 mg/dL	181	0.8 µmol/L	5.0 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.29 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	177	1.7 µmol/L	6.7 µmol/L	0.10 mg/dL	0.39 mg/dL	170	1.9 µmol/L	7.1 µmol/L	0.11 mg/dL	0.42 mg/dL
Bilirubin, total^a	0–<15 d	166	3.3 µmol/L	283.8 µmol/L	0.19 mg/dL	16.60 mg/dL	166	3.3 µmol/L	283.8 µmol/L	0.19 mg/dL	16.60 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	245	0.8 µmol/L	11.7 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.68 mg/dL	245	0.8 µmol/L	11.7 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.68 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	270	0.8 µmol/L	6.8 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.40 mg/dL	270	0.8 µmol/L	6.8 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.40 mg/dL
	9–<12 yrs	135	0.8 µmol/L	9.4 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.55 mg/dL	135	0.8 µmol/L	9.4 µmol/L	0.05 mg/dL	0.55 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	161	1.7 µmol/L	11.9 µmol/L	0.10 mg/dL	0.70 mg/dL	161	1.7 µmol/L	11.9 µmol/L	0.10 mg/dL	0.70 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	219	1.7 µmol/L	14.4 µmol/L	0.10 mg/dL	0.84 mg/dL	219	1.7 µmol/L	14.4 µmol/L	0.10 mg/dL	0.84 mg/dL
Calcium^a	0–<1 yr	259	2.13 mmol/L	2.74 mmol/L	8.5 mg/dL	11.0 mg/dL	259	2.13 mmol/L	2.74 mmol/L	8.5 mg/dL	11.0 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	897	2.29 mmol/L	2.63 mmol/L	9.2 mg/dL	10.5 mg/dL	897	2.29 mmol/L	2.63 mmol/L	9.2 mg/dL	10.5 mg/dL
Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3)^c	0–<1 wk	49	3 kU/L	24 kU/L	3 U/mL	24 U/mL	49	3 kU/L	24 kU/L	3 U/mL	24 U/mL
	1 wk–<1 yr	100	5 kU/L	33 kU/L	5 U/mL	33 U/mL	100	5 kU/L	33 kU/L	5 U/mL	33 U/mL
	1–<19 yrs	252	4 kU/L	21 kU/L	4 U/mL	21 U/mL	252	4 kU/L	21 kU/L	4 U/mL	21 U/mL
Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9)^c	0–<1 yr	122	<2 kU/L	64 kU/L	<2 U/mL	64 U/mL	122	<2 kU/L	64 kU/L	<2 U/mL	64 U/mL
	1–<19 yrs	251	<2 kU/L	41 kU/L	<2 U/mL	41 U/mL	251	<2 kU/L	41 kU/L	<2 U/mL	41 U/mL
Cancer antigen 125 (CA125)^c	0–<4 m	55	2 kU/L	22 kU/L	2 U/mL	22 U/mL	55	2 kU/L	22 kU/L	2 U/mL	22 U/mL
	4 m–<5 yrs	190	8 kU/L	33 kU/L	8 U/mL	33 U/mL	190	8 kU/L	33 kU/L	8 U/mL	33 U/mL
	5–<11 yrs	178	5 kU/L	30 kU/L	5 U/mL	30 U/mL	178	5 kU/L	30 kU/L	5 U/mL	30 U/mL
	11–<19 yrs	127	6 kU/L	39 kU/L	6 U/mL	39 U/mL	123	5 kU/L	28 kU/L	5 U/mL	28 U/mL
Carbon dioxide^a	0–<15 d	178	5 mmol/L	20 mmol/L	5 mmol/L	20 mmol/L	178	5 mmol/L	20 mmol/L	5 mmol/L	20 mmol/L
	15 d–<1 yr	147	10 mmol/L	24 mmol/L	10 mmol/L	24 mmol/L	147	10 mmol/L	24 mmol/L	10 mmol/L	24 mmol/L
	1–<5 yrs	146	14 mmol/L	24 mmol/L	14 mmol/L	24 mmol/L	146	14 mmol/L	24 mmol/L	14 mmol/L	24 mmol/L
	5–<15 yrs	488	17 mmol/L	26 mmol/L	17 mmol/L	26 mmol/L	488	17 mmol/L	26 mmol/L	17 mmol/L	26 mmol/L
	15–<19 yrs	122	17 mmol/L	26 mmol/L	17 mmol/L	26 mmol/L	121	18 mmol/L	28 mmol/L	18 mmol/L	28 mmol/L
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)^c	0–<1 wk	44	8.1 µg/L	62.0 µg/L	8.1 ng/mL	62.0 ng/mL	44	8.1 µg/L	62.0 µg/L	8.1 ng/mL	62.0 ng/mL
	1 wk–<2 yrs	136	<0.5 µg/L	4.7 µg/L	<0.5 ng/mL	4.7 ng/mL	136	<0.5 µg/L	4.7 µg/L	<0.5 ng/mL	4.7 ng/mL
	2–<19 yrs	516	<0.5 µg/L	2.6 µg/L	<0.5 ng/mL	2.6 ng/mL	516	<0.5 µg/L	2.6 µg/L	<0.5 ng/mL	2.6 ng/mL
Ceruloplasmin (Cerul)^b	0–<2 m	49	74 mg/L	237 mg/L	7 mg/dL	24 mg/dL	49	74 mg/L	237 mg/L	7 mg/dL	24 mg/dL
	2–<6 m	63	135 mg/L	329 mg/L	14 mg/dL	33 mg/dL	63	135 mg/L	329 mg/L	14 mg/dL	33 mg/dL
	6 m–<1 yr	71	137 mg/L	389 mg/L	14 mg/dL	39 mg/dL	71	137 mg/L	389 mg/L	14 mg/dL	39 mg/dL
	1–<8 yrs	229	217 mg/L	433 mg/L	22 mg/dL	43 mg/dL	229	217 mg/L	433 mg/L	22 mg/dL	43 mg/dL
	8–<14 yrs	196	205 mg/L	402 mg/L	21 mg/dL	40 mg/dL	196	205 mg/L	402 mg/L	21 mg/dL	40 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	79	208 mg/L	432 mg/L	21 mg/dL	43 mg/dL	82	170 mg/L	348 mg/L	17 mg/dL	35 mg/dL
Cholesterol^a	0–<15 d	101	1.20 mmol/L	3.23 mmol/L	46 mg/dL	125 mg/dL	47	1.10 mmol/L	2.82 mmol/L	42 mg/dL	109 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	152	1.66 mmol/L	6.13 mmol/L	64 mg/dL	237 mg/dL	152	1.66 mmol/L	6.13 mmol/L	64 mg/dL	237 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	931	2.90 mmol/L	5.40 mmol/L	112 mg/dL	208 mg/dL	931	2.90 mmol/L	5.40 mmol/L	112 mg/dL	208 mg/dL
Cholinesterase^a	0–<15 d	48	4421 U/L	9722 U/L	4421 U/L	99722 U/L	48	4421 U/L	9722 U/L	4421 U/L	99722 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	119	5182 U/L	16027 U/L	5182 U/L	16027 U/L	119	5182 U/L	16027 U/L	5182 U/L	16027 U/L
	1–<17 yrs	751	7769 U/L	15206 U/L	7769 U/L	15206 U/L	751	7769 U/L	15206 U/L	7769 U/L	15206 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	37	7511 U/L	10904 U/L	7511 U/L	10904 U/L	42	8186 U/L	12639 U/L	8186 U/L	12639 U/L
Cholinesterase dibucaine number (ChEDi)^b	0–<1 m	100	797 U/L	2478 U/L	1 kU/L	2 kU/L	100	797 U/L	2478 U/L	1 kU/L	2 kU/L
	1 m –<19 yrs	611	1523 U/L	3280 U/L	2 kU/L	3 kU/L	611	1523 U/L	3280 U/L	2 kU/L	3 kU/L
Cobalamin^e	5 d–<1 yr	257	191 pmol/L	1163 pmol/L	259 pg/mL	1576 pg/mL	257	191 pmol/L	1163 pmol/L	259 pg/mL	1576 pg/mL
	1–<9 yrs	267	209 pmol/L	1190 pmol/L	283 pg/mL	1613 pg/mL	267	209 pmol/L	1190 pmol/L	283 pg/mL	1613 pg/mL
	9–<14 yrs	374	186 pmol/L	830 pmol/L	252 pg/mL	1125 pg/mL	374	186 pmol/L	830 pmol/L	252 pg/mL	1125 pg/mL
	14–<17 yrs	217	180 pmol/L	655 pmol/L	244 pg/mL	888 pg/mL	217	180 pmol/L	655 pmol/L	244 pg/mL	888 pg/mL
	17–<19 yrs	127	150 pmol/L	599 pmol/L	203 pg/mL	811 pg/mL	127	150 pmol/L	599 pmol/L	203 pg/mL	811 pg/mL
Complement component 3 (C3)^a	0–<15 d	155	0.50 g/L	1.21 g/L	50 mg/dL	121 mg/dL	155	0.50 g/L	1.21 g/L	50 mg/dL	121 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	151	0.51 g/L	1.60 g/L	51 mg/dL	160 mg/dL	151	0.51 g/L	1.60 g/L	51 mg/dL	160 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	877	0.83 g/L	1.52 g/L	83 mg/dL	152 mg/dL	877	0.83 g/L	1.52 g/L	83 mg/dL	152 mg/dL
Complement component 4 (C4)^a	0–<1 yr	353	0.07 g/L	0.30 g/L	7 mg/dL	30 mg/dL	353	0.07 g/L	0.30 g/L	7 mg/dL	30 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	864	0.13 g/L	0.37 g/L	13 mg/dL	37 mg/dL	864	0.13 g/L	0.37 g/L	13 mg/dL	37 mg/dL
Cortisol^e	2–<15 d	120	13 nmol/L	340 nmol/L	0.5 µg/dL	12.3 µg/dL	120	13 nmol/L	340 nmol/L	0.5 µg/dL	12.3 µg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	292	14 nmol/L	458 nmol/L	0.5 µg/dL	16.6 µg/dL	292	14 nmol/L	458 nmol/L	0.5 µg/dL	16.6 µg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	284	48 nmol/L	297 nmol/L	1.7 µg/dL	10.8 µg/dL	284	48 nmol/L	297 nmol/L	1.7 µg/dL	10.8 µg/dL
	9–<14 yrs	359	61 nmol/L	349 nmol/L	2.2 µg/dL	12.7 µg/dL	359	61 nmol/L	349 nmol/L	2.2 µg/dL	12.7 µg/dL
	14–<17 yrs	201	77 nmol/L	453 nmol/L	2.8 µg/dL	16.4 µg/dL	201	77 nmol/L	453 nmol/L	2.8 µg/dL	16.4 µg/dL
	17–<19 yrs	125	97 nmol/L	506 nmol/L	3.5 µg/dL	18.3 µg/dL	125	97 nmol/L	506 nmol/L	3.5 µg/dL	18.3 µg/dL
C-Peptide^b	0–<1 yr	214	70 pmol/L	1448 pmol/L	0.2 ng/mL	4.4 ng/mL	214	70 pmol/L	1448 pmol/L	0.2 ng/mL	4.4 ng/mL
	1–<6 yrs	160	116 pmol/L	1477 pmol/L	0.4 ng/mL	4.5 ng/mL	160	116 pmol/L	1477 pmol/L	0.4 ng/mL	4.5 ng/mL
	6–<19 yrs	407	257 pmol/L	2241 pmol/L	0.8 ng/mL	6.8 ng/mL	407	257 pmol/L	2241 pmol/L	0.8 ng/mL	6.8 ng/mL
C-reactive protein – high sensitivity (CRP)^a	0–<15 d	139	0.3 mg/L	6.1 mg/L	0.3 mg/L	6.1 mg/L	139	0.3 mg/L	6.1 mg/L	0.3 mg/L	6.1 mg/L
	15 d–<15 yrs	653	0.1 mg/L	1.0 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	1.0 mg/L	653	0.1 mg/L	1.0 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	1.0 mg/L
	15–<19 yrs	196	0.1 mg/L	1.7 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	1.7 mg/L	196	0.1 mg/L	1.7 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	1.7 mg/L
Creatinine, enzymatic^a	0–<15 d	147	29 µmol/L	82 µmol/L	0.32 mg/dL	0.92 mg/dL	147	29 µmol/L	82 µmol/L	0.32 mg/dL	0.92 mg/dL
	15 d–<2 yrs	168	9 µmol/L	32 µmol/L	0.10 mg/dL	0.36 mg/dL	168	9 µmol/L	32 µmol/L	0.10 mg/dL	0.36 mg/dL
	2–<5 yrs	155	18 µmol/L	38 µmol/L	0.20 mg/dL	0.43 mg/dL	155	18 µmol/L	38 µmol/L	0.20 mg/dL	0.43 mg/dL
	5–<12 yrs	321	27 µmol/L	54 µmol/L	0.31 mg/dL	0.61 mg/dL	321	27 µmol/L	54 µmol/L	0.31 mg/dL	0.61 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	183	40 µmol/L	72 µmol/L	0.45 mg/dL	0.81 mg/dL	183	40 µmol/L	72 µmol/L	0.45 mg/dL	0.81 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	161	43 µmol/L	74 µmol/L	0.49 mg/dL	0.84 mg/dL	151	55 µmol/L	96 µmol/L	0.62 mg/dL	1.08 mg/dL
Creatinine, Jaffe^a	0–<15 d	158	37 µmol/L	93 µmol/L	0.42 mg/dL	1.05 mg/dL	158	37 µmol/L	93 µmol/L	0.42 mg/dL	1.05 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	130	28 µmol/L	47 µmol/L	0.31 mg/dL	0.53 mg/dL	130	28 µmol/L	47 µmol/L	0.31 mg/dL	0.53 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	121	34 µmol/L	48 µmol/L	0.39 mg/dL	0.55 mg/dL	121	34 µmol/L	48 µmol/L	0.39 mg/dL	0.55 mg/dL
	4–<7 yrs	146	39 µmol/L	57 µmol/L	0.44 mg/dL	0.65 mg/dL	146	39 µmol/L	57 µmol/L	0.44 mg/dL	0.65 mg/dL
	7–<12 yrs	234	46 µmol/L	61 µmol/L	0.52 mg/dL	0.69 mg/dL	234	46 µmol/L	61 µmol/L	0.52 mg/dL	0.69 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	184	50 µmol/L	71 µmol/L	0.57 mg/dL	0.80 mg/dL	184	50 µmol/L	71 µmol/L	0.57 mg/dL	0.80 mg/dL
	15–<17 yrs	77	52 µmol/L	76 µmol/L	0.59 mg/dL	0.86 mg/dL	68	58 µmol/L	92 µmol/L	0.65 mg/dL	1.04 mg/dL
	17–<19 yrs	88	53 µmol/L	78 µmol/L	0.60 mg/dL	0.88 mg/dL	86	61 µmol/L	97 µmol/L	0.69 mg/dL	1.10 mg/dL
Cystatin C (CYSC)^b	0–<1 m	100	1.49 mg/L	2.85 mg/L	1.49 mg/L	2.85 mg/L	100	1.49 mg/L	2.85 mg/L	1.49 mg/L	2.85 mg/L
	1–<5 m	46	1.01 mg/L	1.92 mg/L	1.01 mg/L	1.92 mg/L	46	1.01 mg/L	1.92 mg/L	1.01 mg/L	1.92 mg/L
	5 m–<1 yr	98	0.75 mg/L	1.53 mg/L	0.75 mg/L	1.53 mg/L	98	0.75 mg/L	1.53 mg/L	0.75 mg/L	1.53 mg/L
	1–<2 yrs	56	0.60 mg/L	1.20 mg/L	0.60 mg/L	1.20 mg/L	53	0.77 mg/L	1.85 mg/L	0.77 mg/L	1.85 mg/L
	2–<19 yrs	529	0.62 mg/L	1.11 mg/L	0.62 mg/L	1.11 mg/L	529	0.62 mg/L	1.11 mg/L	0.62 mg/L	1.11 mg/L
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)^b	0–<2 m	115	28.9 µmol/L	>40.7 µmol/L	11.1 µg/mL	>15.7 µg/mL	115	28.9 µmol/L	>40.7 µmol/L	11.1 µg/mL	>15.7 µg/mL
	2–<6 m	69	0.7 µmol/L	15.6 µmol/L	0.3 µg/mL	6.0 µg/mL	69	0.7 µmol/L	15.6 µmol/L	0.3 µg/mL	6.0 µg/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	77	0.2 µmol/L	4.8 µmol/L	0.1 µg/mL	1.8 µg/mL	77	0.2 µmol/L	4.8 µmol/L	0.1 µg/mL	1.8 µg/mL
	1–<6 yrs	78	0.1 µmol/L	3.0 µmol/L	0.0 µg/mL	1.2 µg/mL	78	0.1 µmol/L	3.0 µmol/L	0.0 µg/mL	1.2 µg/mL
	6–<9 yrs	108	0.1 µmol/L	4.1 µmol/L	0.1 µg/mL	1.6 µg/mL	108	0.1 µmol/L	4.1 µmol/L	0.1 µg/mL	1.6 µg/mL
	9–<13 yrs	133	0.9 µmol/L	7.3 µmol/L	0.3 µg/mL	2.8 µg/mL	133	0.9 µmol/L	7.3 µmol/L	0.3 µg/mL	2.8 µg/mL
	13–<16 yrs	98	1.5 µmol/L	12.5 µmol/L	0.6 µg/mL	4.8 µg/mL	98	1.5 µmol/L	12.5 µmol/L	0.6 µg/mL	4.8 µg/mL
	16–<19 yrs	45	4.0 µmol/L	15.5 µmol/L	1.5 µg/mL	5.9 µg/mL	46	3.4 µmol/L	18.2 µmol/L	1.3 µg/mL	7.0 µg/mL
Estradiol^f (age partitions)	15 d–<1 yr	197	NA	92 pmol/L	NA	25 pg/mL	197	NA	92 pmol/L	NA	25 pg/mL
	1–<9 yrs	261	NA	37 pmol/L	NA	10 pg/mL
	9–<11 yrs	81	NA	176 pmol/L	NA	48 pg/mL
	11–<12 yrs	87	NA	345 pmol/L	NA	94 pg/mL
	12–<14 yrs	83	39 pmol/L	631 pmol/L	11 pg/mL	172 pg/mL
	14–<19 yrs	175	NA	936 pmol/L	NA	255 pg/mL
	1–<11 yrs						331	NA	46 pmol/L	NA	13 pg/mL
	11–<13 yrs						81	NA	95 pmol/L	NA	26 pg/mL
	13–<15 yrs						80	NA	102 pmol/L	NA	28 pg/mL
	15–<19 yrs						137	NA	141 pmol/L	NA	38 pg/mL
Estradiol^f (Tanner stage partitions)	I	22	NA	74 pmol/L	NA	20 pg/mL	27	NA	68 pmol/L	NA	19 pg/mL
	II	23	NA	96 pmol/L	NA	26 pg/mL	38	NA	67 pmol/L	NA	18 pg/mL
	III	26	NA	317 pmol/L	NA	86 pg/mL	23	NA	76 pmol/L	NA	21 pg/mL
	IV	57	49 pmol/L	517 pmol/L	13 pg/mL	141 pg/mL	47	NA	128 pmol/L	NA	35 pg/mL
	V	30	69 pmol/L	762 pmol/L	19 pg/mL	208 pg/mL	16	64 pmol/L	126 pmol/L	17 pg/mL	34 pg/mL
Ferritin^e	4–<15 d	127	224 pmol/L	1611 pmol/L	100 ng/mL	717 ng/mL	127	224 pmol/L	1611 pmol/L	100 ng/mL	717 ng/mL
	15 d–<6 m	172	31 pmol/L	1454 pmol/L	14 ng/mL	647 ng/mL	172	31 pmol/L	1454 pmol/L	14 ng/mL	647 ng/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	140	19 pmol/L	409 pmol/L	8 ng/mL	182 ng/mL	140	19 pmol/L	409 pmol/L	8 ng/mL	182 ng/mL
	1–<5 yrs	126	12 pmol/L	224 pmol/L	5 ng/mL	100 ng/mL	126	12 pmol/L	224 pmol/L	5 ng/mL	100 ng/mL
	5–<14 yrs	497	31 pmol/L	177 pmol/L	14 ng/mL	79 ng/mL	497	31 pmol/L	177 pmol/L	14 ng/mL	79 ng/mL
	14–<19 yrs	151	12 pmol/L	152 pmol/L	6 ng/mL	67 ng/mL
	14–<16 yrs						65	28 pmol/L	186 pmol/L	13 ng/mL	83 ng/mL
	16–<19 yrs						88	25 pmol/L	386 pmol/L	11 ng/mL	172 ng/mL
Folate, serum^e	5 d–<1 yr	235	23.9 nmol/L	NA	10.6 ng/mL	NA	235	23.9 nmol/L	NA	10.6 ng/mL	NA
	1–<3 yrs	50	8.7 nmol/L	NA	3.9 ng/mL	NA	50	8.7 nmol/L	NA	3.9 ng/mL	NA
	3–<6 yrs	90	27.0 nmol/L	NA	11.9 ng/mL	NA	90	27.0 nmol/L	NA	11.9 ng/mL	NA
	6–<8 yrs	70	29.7 nmol/L	NA	13.1 ng/mL	NA	70	29.7 nmol/L	NA	13.1 ng/mL	NA
	8–<12 yrs	284	25.9 nmol/L	NA	11.4 ng/mL	NA	284	25.9 nmol/L	NA	11.4 ng/mL	NA
	12–<14 yrs	144	27.0 nmol/L	NA	11.9 ng/mL	NA	144	27.0 nmol/L	NA	11.9 ng/mL	NA
	14–<19 yrs	342	18.0 nmol/L	NA	7.9 ng/mL	NA	342	18.0 nmol/L	NA	7.9 ng/mL	NA
Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH)^f (age partitions)	30 d–<1 yr	118	0.4 IU/L	10.4 IU/L	0.4 mIU/mL	10.4 mIU/mL	142	0.1 IU/L	2.4 IU/L	0.1 mIU/mL	2.4 mIU/mL
	1–<9 yrs	119	0.4 IU/L	5.5 IU/L	0.4 mIU/mL	5.5 mIU/mL
	9–<11 yrs	74	0.4 IU/L	4.2 IU/L	0.4 mIU/mL	4.2 mIU/mL
	11–<19 yrs	275	0.3 IU/L	7.8 IU/L	0.3 mIU/mL	7.8 mIU/mL
	1–<5 yrs						67	NA	0.9 IU/L	NA	0.9 mIU/mL
	5–<10 yrs						118	NA	1.6 IU/L	NA	1.6 mIU/mL
	10–<13 yrs						110	0.4 IU/L	3.9 IU/L	0.4 mIU/mL	3.9 mIU/mL
	13–<19 yrs						202	0.8 IU/L	5.1 IU/L	0.8 mIU/mL	5.1 mIU/mL
Folicle stimulating hormone (FSH)^f (Tanner stage partitions)	I	22	0.63 IU/L	4.05 IU/L	0.63 mIU/mL	4.05 mIU/mL	21	NA	1.52 IU/L	NA	1.52 mIU/mL
	II	26	0.27 IU/L	5.76 IU/L	0.27 mIU/mL	5.76 mIU/mL	34	NA	2.98 IU/L	NA	2.98 mIU/mL
	III	30	0.10 IU/L	7.19 IU/L	0.10 mIU/mL	7.19 mIU/mL	22	NA	6.24 IU/L	NA	6.24 mIU/mL
	IV	61	0.30 IU/L	6.95 IU/L	0.30 mIU/mL	6.95 mIU/mL	51	0.58 IU/L	5.05 IU/L	0.58 mIU/mL	5.05 mIU/mL
	V	36	0.41 IU/L	8.59 IU/L	0.41 mIU/mL	8.59 mIU/mL	71	0.79 IU/L	7.19 IU/L	0.79 mIU/mL	7.19 mIU/mL
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)^a	0–<15 d	171	23 U/L	219 U/L	23 U/L	219 U/L	171	23 U/L	219 U/L	23 U/L	219 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	141	8 U/L	127 U/L	8 U/L	127 U/L	141	8 U/L	127 U/L	8 U/L	127 U/L
	1–<11 yrs	438	6 U/L	16 U/L	6 U/L	16 U/L	438	6 U/L	16 U/L	6 U/L	16 U/L
	11–<19 yrs	444	7 U/L	21 U/L	7 U/L	21 U/L	444	7 U/L	21 U/L	7 U/L	21 U/L
Haptoglobin^a	0–<15 d	64	0.00 g/L	0.10 g/L	0 mg/dL	10 mg/dL	64	0.00 g/L	0.10 g/L	0 mg/dL	10 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	129	0.07 g/L	2.21 g/L	7 mg/dL	221 mg/dL	129	0.07 g/L	2.21 g/L	7 mg/dL	221 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	444	0.07 g/L	1.63 g/L	7 mg/dL	163 mg/dL	444	0.07 g/L	1.63 g/L	7 mg/dL	163 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	418	0.07 g/L	1.79 g/L	7 mg/dL	179 mg/dL	418	0.07 g/L	1.79 g/L	7 mg/dL	179 mg/dL
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)^a	0–<15 d	147	0.40 mmol/L	1.08 mmol/L	15 mg/dL	42 mg/dL	147	0.40 mmol/L	1.08 mmol/L	15 mg/dL	42 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	146	0.30 mmol/L	1.85 mmol/L	12 mg/dL	71 mg/dL	146	0.30 mmol/L	1.85 mmol/L	12 mg/dL	71 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	97	0.84 mmol/L	1.63 mmol/L	32 mg/dL	63 mg/dL	97	0.84 mmol/L	1.63 mmol/L	32 mg/dL	63 mg/dL
	4–<13 yrs	407	0.92 mmol/L	1.88 mmol/L	36 mg/dL	73 mg/dL	407	0.92 mmol/L	1.88 mmol/L	36 mg/dL	73 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	203	0.83 mmol/L	1.86 mmol/L	32 mg/dL	72 mg/dL	197	0.82 mmol/L	1.77 mmol/L	32 mg/dL	68 mg/dL
Homocysteine, total (tHcy)^e	5 d–<1 yr	266	2.9 µmol/L	10.0 µmol/L	0.39 µg/mL	1.35 µg/mL	266	2.9 µmol/L	10.0 µmol/L	0.39 µg/mL	1.35 µg/mL
	1–<7 yrs	196	2.8 µmol/L	7.6 µmol/L	0.37 µg/mL	1.03 µg/mL	196	2.8 µmol/L	7.6 µmol/L	0.37 µg/mL	1.03 µg/mL
	7–<12yrs	279	3.4 µmol/L	8.5 µmol/L	0.46 µg/mL	1.14 µg/mL	279	3.4 µmol/L	8.5 µmol/L	0.46 µg/mL	1.14 µg/mL
	12–<15 yrs	104	4.1 µmol/L	10.4 µmol/L	0.55 µg/mL	1.40 µg/mL	95	4.7 µmol/L	10.4 µmol/L	0.64 µg/mL	1.41 µg/mL
	15–<19 yrs	116	4.9 µmol/L	11.9 µmol/L	0.67 µg/mL	1.61 µg/mL	113	5.5 µmol/L	13.4 µmol/L	0.74 µg/mL	1.81 µg/mL
Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4)^c	0–<1 wk	44	159 pmol/L	618 pmol/L	159 pmol/L	618 pmol/L	44	159 pmol/L	618 pmol/L	159 pmol/L	618 pmol/L
	1 wk–<6 m	68	56 pmol/L	178 pmol/L	56 pmol/L	178 pmol/L	68	56 pmol/L	178 pmol/L	56 pmol/L	178 pmol/L
	6 m–<2 yrs	92	31 pmol/L	99 pmol/L	31 pmol/L	99 pmol/L	92	31 pmol/L	99 pmol/L	31 pmol/L	99 pmol/L
	2–<10 yrs	181	27 pmol/L	70 pmol/L	27 pmol/L	70 pmol/L	181	27 pmol/L	70 pmol/L	27 pmol/L	70 pmol/L
	10–<19 yrs	233	23 pmol/L	62 pmol/L	23 pmol/L	62 pmol/L	233	23 pmol/L	62 pmol/L	23 pmol/L	62 pmol/L
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)^a	0–<1 yr	116	0.0 g/L	0.3 g/L	1 mg/dL	29 mg/dL	116	0.0 g/L	0.3 g/L	1 mg/dL	29 mg/dL
	1–<3 yrs	48	0.0 g/L	0.9 g/L	4 mg/dL	90 mg/dL	48	0.0 g/L	0.9 g/L	4 mg/dL	90 mg/dL
	3–<6 yrs	109	0.3 g/L	1.5 g/L	26 mg/dL	147 mg/dL	109	0.3 g/L	1.5 g/L	26 mg/dL	147 mg/dL
	6–<14 yrs	372	0.5 g/L	2.2 g/L	47 mg/dL	221 mg/dL	372	0.5 g/L	2.2 g/L	47 mg/dL	221 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	290	0.5 g/L	2.9 g/L	53 mg/dL	287 mg/dL	290	0.5 g/L	2.9 g/L	53 mg/dL	287 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)^b	0–<7 yrs	334	<25 IU/mL	440 IU/mL	<25 kIU/L	440 kIU/L	334	<25 IU/mL	440 IU/mL	<25 kIU/L	440 kIU/L
	7–<19 yrs	365	<25 IU/mL	450 IU/mL	<25 kIU/L	450 kIU/L	365	<25 IU/mL	450 IU/mL	<25 kIU/L	450 kIU/L
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)^a	0–<15 d	203	3.2 g/L	14.0 g/L	320 mg/dL	1407 mg/dL	203	3.2 g/L	14.0 g/L	320 mg/dL	1407 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	131	1.1 g/L	7.0 g/L	108 mg/dL	702 mg/dL	131	1.1 g/L	7.0 g/L	108 mg/dL	702 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	111	3.2 g/L	11.5 g/L	316 mg/dL	1148 mg/dL	111	3.2 g/L	11.5 g/L	316 mg/dL	1148 mg/dL
	4–<10 yrs	262	5.4 g/L	13.6 g/L	542 mg/dL	1358 mg/dL	262	5.4 g/L	13.6 g/L	542 mg/dL	1358 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	521	6.6 g/L	15.3 g/L	658 mg/dL	1534 mg/dL	521	6.6 g/L	15.3 g/L	658 mg/dL	1534 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)^a	0–<15 d	148	0.1 g/L	0.4 g/L	5 mg/dL	35 mg/dL	148	0.1 g/L	0.4 g/L	5 mg/dL	35 mg/dL
	15 d–<13 wk	136	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	12 mg/dL	71 mg/dL	136	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	12 mg/dL	71 mg/dL
	13 wk–<1 yr	173	0.2 g/L	0.9 g/L	16 mg/dL	86 mg/dL	173	0.2 g/L	0.9 g/L	16 mg/dL	86 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	420	0.5 g/L	1.9 g/L	48 mg/dL	186 mg/dL	382	0.4 g/L	1.5 g/L	39 mg/dL	151 mg/dL
Insulin^b	0–<1 yr	96	7 pmol/L	163 pmol/L	1.0 µIU/mL	23.5 µIU/mL	96	7 pmol/L	163 pmol/L	1.0 µIU/mL	23.5 µIU/mL
	1–<6 yrs	79	9 pmol/L	279 pmol/L	1.3 µIU/mL	40.2 µIU/mL	79	9 pmol/L	279 pmol/L	1.3 µIU/mL	40.2 µIU/mL
	6–<11 yrs	72	11 pmol/L	257 pmol/L	1.6 µIU/mL	37.0 µIU/mL	72	11 pmol/L	257 pmol/L	1.6 µIU/mL	37.0 µIU/mL
	11–<19 yrs	120	18 pmol/L	492 pmol/L	2.6 µIU/mL	71.4 µIU/mL	120	18 pmol/L	492 pmol/L	2.6 µIU/mL	71.4 µIU/mL
Iron^a	0–<14 yrs	588	2.8 µmol/L	22.9 µmol/L	16 µg/dL	128 µg/dL	588	2.8 µmol/L	22.9 µmol/L	16 µg/dL	128 µg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	143	3.5 µmol/L	29.0 µmol/L	20 µg/dL	162 µg/dL	138	5.5 µmol/L	30.0 µmol/L	31 µg/dL	168 µg/dL
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)^a	0–<15 d	197	309 U/L	1222 U/L	309 U/L	1222 U/L	197	309 U/L	1222 U/L	309 U/L	1222 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	145	163 U/L	452 U/L	163 U/L	452 U/L	145	163 U/L	452 U/L	163 U/L	452 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	370	192 U/L	321 U/L	192 U/L	321 U/L	370	192 U/L	321 U/L	192 U/L	321 U/L
	10–<15 yrs	141	157 U/L	272 U/L	157 U/L	272 U/L	125	170 U/L	283 U/L	170 U/L	283 U/L
	15–<19 yrs	227	130 U/L	250 U/L	130 U/L	250 U/L	227	130 U/L	250 U/L	130 U/L	250 U/L
Lipase^c	0–<19 yrs	946	4 U/L	39 U/L	4 U/L	39 U/L	946	4 U/L	39 U/L	4 U/L	39 U/L
Luteinizing hormone (LH)^f (age partitions)	4 d–<3 m	48	NA	2.4 IU/L	NA	2.4 mIU/mL	51	0.2 IU/L	3.8 IU/L	0.2 mIU/mL	3.8 mIU/mL
	3 m–<1 yr	99	NA	1.2 IU/L	NA	1.2 mIU/mL	125	NA	2.9 IU/L	NA	2.9 mIU/mL
	1–<10 yrs	336	NA	0.3 IU/L	NA	0.3 mIU/mL	336	NA	0.3 IU/L	NA	0.3 mIU/mL
	10–<13 yrs	210	NA	4.3 IU/L	NA	4.3 mIU/mL	210	NA	4.3 IU/L	NA	4.3 mIU/mL
	13–<15 yrs	60	0.4 IU/L	6.5 IU/L	0.4 mIU/mL	6.5 mIU/mL	73	NA	4.1 IU/L	NA	4.1 mIU/mL
	15–<17 yrs	63	NA	13.1 IU/L	NA	13.1 mIU/mL	66	0.8 IU/L	4.8 IU/L	0.8 mIU/mL	4.8 mIU/mL
	17–<19 yrs	51	NA	8.4 IU/L	NA	8.4 mIU/mL	69	0.9 IU/L	7.1 IU/L	0.9 mIU/mL	7.1 mIU/mL
Luteinizing hormone (LH)^f (Tanner stage partitions)	I	23	NA	0.1 IU/L	NA	0.1 mIU/mL	25	NA	1.2 IU/L	NA	1.2 mIU/mL
	II	24	NA	2.3 IU/L	NA	2.3 mIU/mL	36	NA	1.2 IU/L	NA	1.2 mIU/mL
	III	29	NA	7.4 IU/L	NA	7.4 mIU/mL	21	NA	2.3 IU/L	NA	2.3 mIU/mL
	IV	60	0.3 IU/L	6.7 IU/L	0.3 mIU/mL	6.7 mIU/mL	52	NA	4.9 IU/L	NA	4.9 mIU/mL
	V	34	0.4 IU/L	21.2 IU/L	0.4 mIU/mL	21.2 mIU/mL	17	0.6 IU/L	5.9 IU/L	0.6 mIU/mL	5.9 mIU/mL
Magnesium^a	0–<15 d	183	0.82 mmol/L	1.62 mmol/L	1.99 mg/dL	3.94 mg/dL	183	0.82 mmol/L	1.62 mmol/L	1.99 mg/dL	3.94 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	145	0.81 mmol/L	1.27 mmol/L	1.97 mg/dL	3.09 mg/dL	145	0.81 mmol/L	1.27 mmol/L	1.97 mg/dL	3.09 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	897	0.86 mmol/L	1.17 mmol/L	2.09 mg/dL	2.84 mg/dL	897	0.86 mmol/L	1.17 mmol/L	2.09 mg/dL	2.84 mg/dL
Parathyroid hormone, intact (PTH)^e	6 d–<1 yr	172	0.68 pmol/L	9.39 pmol/L	6.4 pg/mL	88.6 pg/mL	172	0.68 pmol/L	9.39 pmol/L	6.4 pg/mL	88.6 pg/mL
	1–<9 yrs	221	1.72 pmol/L	6.68 pmol/L	16.2 pg/mL	63.0 pg/mL	221	1.72 pmol/L	6.68 pmol/L	16.2 pg/mL	63.0 pg/mL
	9–<17 yrs	534	2.32 pmol/L	9.28 pmol/L	21.9 pg/mL	87.6 pg/mL	534	2.32 pmol/L	9.28 pmol/L	21.9 pg/mL	87.6 pg/mL
	17–<19 yrs	104	1.70 pmol/L	6.40 pmol/L	16.0 pg/mL	60.4 pg/mL	104	1.70 pmol/L	6.40 pmol/L	16.0 pg/mL	60.4 pg/mL
Phosphate^a	0–<15 d	204	1.80 mmol/L	3.40 mmol/L	5.6 mg/dL	10.5 mg/dL	204	1.80 mmol/L	3.40 mmol/L	5.6 mg/dL	10.5 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	144	1.54 mmol/L	2.72 mmol/L	4.8 mg/dL	8.4 mg/dL	144	1.54 mmol/L	2.72 mmol/L	4.8 mg/dL	8.4 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	184	1.38 mmol/L	2.19 mmol/L	4.3 mg/dL	6.8 mg/dL	184	1.38 mmol/L	2.19 mmol/L	4.3 mg/dL	6.8 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	352	1.33 mmol/L	1.92 mmol/L	4.1 mg/dL	5.9 mg/dL	352	1.33 mmol/L	1.92 mmol/L	4.1 mg/dL	5.9 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	95	1.02 mmol/L	1.79 mmol/L	3.2 mg/dL	5.5 mg/dL	95	1.14 mmol/L	1.99 mmol/L	3.5 mg/dL	6.2 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	187	0.95 mmol/L	1.62 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	5.0 mg/dL	187	0.95 mmol/L	1.62 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	5.0 mg/dL
Prealbumin^a	0–<15 d	127	0.02 g/L	0.12 g/L	2 mg/dL	12 mg/dL	127	0.02 g/L	0.12 g/L	2 mg/dL	12 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	137	0.05 g/L	0.24 g/L	5 mg/dL	24 mg/dL	137	0.05 g/L	0.24 g/L	5 mg/dL	24 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	148	0.12 g/L	0.23 g/L	12 mg/dL	23 mg/dL	148	0.12 g/L	0.23 g/L	12 mg/dL	23 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	359	0.14 g/L	0.26 g/L	14 mg/dL	26 mg/dL	359	0.14 g/L	0.26 g/L	14 mg/dL	26 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	187	0.18 g/L	0.31 g/L	18 mg/dL	31 mg/dL	187	0.18 g/L	0.31 g/L	18 mg/dL	31 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	96	0.17 g/L	0.33 g/L	17 mg/dL	33 mg/dL	95	0.20 g/L	0.35 g/L	20 mg/dL	35 mg/dL
Progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP)^c	0–<1 wk	45	535 ng/L	1889 ng/L	535 pg/mL	1889 pg/mL	45	535 ng/L	1889 ng/L	535 pg/mL	1889 pg/mL
	1 wk–<6 m	70	57 ng/L	817 ng/L	57 pg/mL	817 pg/mL	70	57 ng/L	817 ng/L	57 pg/mL	817 pg/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	52	25 ng/L	198 ng/L	25 pg/mL	198 pg/mL	52	25 ng/L	198 ng/L	25 pg/mL	198 pg/mL
	1–<12 yrs	257	22 ng/L	129 ng/L	22 pg/mL	129 pg/mL	257	22 ng/L	129 ng/L	22 pg/mL	129 pg/mL
	12–<19 yrs	183	17 ng/L	83 ng/L	17 pg/mL	83 pg/mL	183	17 ng/L	83 ng/L	17 pg/mL	83 pg/mL
Progesterone^f (age partitions)	4 d–<1 yr	269	NA	4 nmol/L	NA	132 ng/dL	149	NA	2 nmol/L	NA	66 ng/dL
	1–<10 yrs	198	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	35 ng/dL	343	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	35 ng/dL
	10–<15 yrs	373	0 nmol/L	3 nmol/L	13 ng/dL	85 ng/dL	373	0 nmol/L	3 nmol/L	13 ng/dL	85 ng/dL
	15–<19 yrs	100	1 nmol/L	33 nmol/L	20 ng/dL	1026 ng/dL	131	1 nmol/L	2 nmol/L	16 ng/dL	57 ng/dL
Progesterone^f (Tanner stage partitions)	I	22	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	28 ng/dL	25	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	44 ng/dL
	II	26	0 nmol/L	1 nmol/L	13 ng/dL	41 ng/dL	36	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	44 ng/dL
	III	26	1 nmol/L	2 nmol/L	16 ng/dL	47 ng/dL	22	NA	2 nmol/L	NA	50 ng/dL
	IV	45	1 nmol/L	2 nmol/L	19 ng/dL	72 ng/dL	50	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	41 ng/dL
	V	36	NA	34 nmol/L	NA	1082 ng/dL	17	0 nmol/L	2 nmol/L	13 ng/dL	50 ng/dL
Prolactin^f (age partitions)	4–<30 d	44	264 mIU/L	4468 mIU/L	13 ng/mL	213 ng/mL	44	264 mIU/L	4468 mIU/L	13 ng/mL	213 ng/mL
	30 d–<1 yr	235	132 mIU/L	2388 mIU/L	6 ng/mL	114 ng/mL	235	132 mIU/L	2388 mIU/L	6 ng/mL	114 ng/mL
	1–<19 yrs	979	88 mIU/L	484 mIU/L	4 ng/mL	23 ng/mL	979	88 mIU/L	484 mIU/L	4 ng/mL	23 ng/mL
Prolactin^f (Tanner stage partitions)	I	22	44 mIU/L	417 mIU/L	2 ng/mL	20 ng/mL	23	66 mIU/L	417 mIU/L	3 ng/mL	20 ng/mL
	II	23	83 mIU/L	484 mIU/L	4 ng/mL	23 ng/mL	36	75 mIU/L	391 mIU/L	4 ng/mL	19 ng/mL
	III	29	82 mIU/L	485 mIU/L	4 ng/mL	23 ng/mL	29	82 mIU/L	485 mIU/L	4 ng/mL	23 ng/mL
	IV	60	123 mIU/L	487 mIU/L	6 ng/mL	23 ng/mL	50	126 mIU/L	419 mIU/L	6 ng/mL	20 ng/mL
	V	33	114 mIU/L	486 mIU/L	5 ng/mL	23 ng/mL	17	136 mIU/L	671 mIU/L	6 ng/mL	32 ng/mL
Prostate-specific antigen, free (free PSA)^c	0–<19 yrs	302	<0.008 µg/L	0.097 µg/L	<0.008 ng/mL	0.097 ng/mL
	0–<12 yrs						69	NA	<0.008 µg/L	NA	<0.008 ng/mL
	12–<19 yrs						122	<0.008 µg/L	0.239 µg/L	<0.008 ng/mL	0.239 ng/mL
Prostate-specific antigen, total (total PSA)^c	0–<1 wk	40	<0.008 µg/L	0.039 µg/L	<0.008 ng/mL	0.039 ng/mL	50	<0.008 µg/L	0.047 µg/L	<0.008 ng/mL	0.047 ng/mL
	1 wk–<1 yr	53	<0.008 µg/L	0.010 µg/L	<0.008 ng/mL	0.010 ng/mL
	1–<19 yrs	183	<0.008 µg/L	0.015 µg/L	<0.008 ng/mL	0.015 ng/mL
	1 wk–<6 m						47	<0.008 µg/L	0.038 µg/L	<0.008 ng/mL	0.038 ng/mL
	6 m–<12 yrs						119	<0.008 µg/L	0.353 µg/L	<0.008 ng/mL	0.353 ng/mL
	12–<19 yrs						82	<0.008 µg/L	0.566 µg/L	<0.008 ng/mL	0.566 ng/mL
Rheumatoid factor^a	0–<15 d	164	9.0 IU/mL	17.1 IU/mL	9.0 mg/dL	17.1 mg/dL	164	9.0 IU/mL	17.1 IU/mL	9.0 mg/dL	17.1 mg/dL
	15 d–<19 yrs	1016	9.0 IU/mL	9.0 IU/mL	9.0 mg/dL	9.0 mg/dL	1016	9.0 IU/mL	9.0 IU/mL	9.0 mg/dL	9.0 mg/dL
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)^f (age partitions)	4 d–<1 m	113	14 nmol/L	120 nmol/L	14 nmol/L	120 nmol/L	113	14 nmol/L	120 nmol/L	14 nmol/L	120 nmol/L
	1 m–<1 yr	239	36 nmol/L	229 nmol/L	36 nmol/L	229 nmol/L	239	36 nmol/L	229 nmol/L	36 nmol/L	229 nmol/L
	1–<8 yrs	236	42 nmol/L	189 nmol/L	15 nmol/L	189 nmol/L	236	42 nmol/L	189 nmol/L	15 nmol/L	189 nmol/L
	8–<11 yrs	184	26 nmol/L	162 nmol/L	26 nmol/L	162 nmol/L	184	26 nmol/L	162 nmol/L	26 nmol/L	162 nmol/L
	11–<13 yrs	158	15 nmol/L	108 nmol/L	15 nmol/L	108 nmol/L	158	15 nmol/L	108 nmol/L	15 nmol/L	108 nmol/L
	13–<15 yrs	160	11 nmol/L	98 nmol/L	11 nmol/L	98 nmol/L	160	11 nmol/L	98 nmol/L	11 nmol/L	98 nmol/L
	15–<17 yrs	64	10 nmol/L	84 nmol/L	10 nmol/L	84 nmol/L
	17–<19 yrs	52	11 nmol/L	155 nmol/L	11 nmol/L	155 nmol/L
	15–<19 yrs						129	10 nmol/L	50 nmol/L	10 nmol/L	50 nmol/L
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)^f (Tanner stage partitions)	I	22	21 nmol/L	210 nmol/L	21 nmol/L	210 nmol/L	25	23 nmol/L	157 nmol/L	23 nmol/L	157 nmol/L
	II	26	30 nmol/L	141 nmol/L	30 nmol/L	141 nmol/L	32	28 nmol/L	133 nmol/L	28 nmol/L	133 nmol/L
	III	31	24 nmol/L	102 nmol/L	24 nmol/L	102 nmol/L	23	17 nmol/L	160 nmol/L	17 nmol/L	160 nmol/L
	IV	62	12 nmol/L	126 nmol/L	12 nmol/L	126 nmol/L	51	12 nmol/L	79 nmol/L	12 nmol/L	79 nmol/L
	V	33	15 nmol/L	93 nmol/L	15 nmol/L	93 nmol/L	17	8 nmol/L	49 nmol/L	8 nmol/L	49 nmol/L
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC)^c	0–<1 wk	44	NA	> 70.0 µg/L	NA	> 70.0 ng/mL	44	NA	> 70.0 µg/L	NA	> 70.0 ng/mL
	1 wk–<1 yr	130	0.6 µg/L	17.0 µg/L	0.6 ng/mL	17.0 ng/mL	130	0.6 µg/L	17.0 µg/L	0.6 ng/mL	17.0 ng/mL
	1–<19 yrs	208	0.4 µg/L	1.6 µg/L	0.4 ng/mL	1.6 ng/mL	208	0.4 µg/L	1.6 µg/L	0.4 ng/mL	1.6 ng/mL
Thyroxine, free (FT4)^e	5–<15 d	66	13.5 pmol/L	41.3 pmol/L	1.05 ng/dL	3.21 ng/dL	66	13.5 pmol/L	41.3 pmol/L	1.05 ng/dL	3.21 ng/dL
	15–<30 d	55	8.7 pmol/L	32.5 pmol/L	0.68 ng/dL	2.53 ng/dL	55	8.7 pmol/L	32.5 pmol/L	0.68 ng/dL	2.53 ng/dL
	30 d–<1 yr	270	11.4 pmol/L	21.9 pmol/L	0.89 ng/dL	1.70 ng/dL	270	11.4 pmol/L	21.9 pmol/L	0.89 ng/dL	1.70 ng/dL
	1–<19 yrs	952	11.4 pmol/L	17.6 pmol/L	0.89 ng/dL	1.37 ng/dL	952	11.4 pmol/L	17.6 pmol/L	0.89 ng/dL	1.37 ng/dL
Thyroxine, total (TT4)^e	7 d–<1 yr	301	76 nmol/L	176 nmol/L	5.9 µg/dL	13.7 µg/dL	301	76 nmol/L	176 nmol/L	5.9 µg/dL	13.7 µg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	239	79 nmol/L	133 nmol/L	6.2 µg/dL	10.3 µg/dL	239	79 nmol/L	133 nmol/L	6.2 µg/dL	10.3 µg/dL
	9–<12 yrs	177	71 nmol/L	120 nmol/L	5.5 µg/dL	9.3 µg/dL	177	71 nmol/L	120 nmol/L	5.5 µg/dL	9.3 µg/dL
	12–<14 yrs	62	65 nmol/L	107 nmol/L	5.1 µg/dL	8.3 µg/dL	54	65 nmol/L	107 nmol/L	5.0 µg/dL	8.3 µg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	131	70 nmol/L	167 nmol/L	5.5 µg/dL	13.0 µg/dL	145	60 nmol/L	111 nmol/L	4.7 µg/dL	8.6 µg/dL
Triiodothyronine, free (FT3)^e	4 d–<1 yr	360	3.56 pmol/L	7.48 pmol/L	2.32 pg/mL	4.87 pg/mL	360	3.56 pmol/L	7.48 pmol/L	2.32 pg/mL	4.87 pg/mL
	1–<12 yrs	528	4.29 pmol/L	6.79 pmol/L	2.79 pg/mL	4.42 pg/mL	528	4.29 pmol/L	6.79 pmol/L	2.79 pg/mL	4.42 pg/mL
	12–<15 yrs	109	3.84 pmol/L	6.06 pmol/L	2.50 pg/mL	3.95 pg/mL	103	4.44 pmol/L	6.65 pmol/L	2.89 pg/mL	4.33 pg/mL
	15–<19 yrs	124	3.55 pmol/L	5.70 pmol/L	2.31 pg/mL	3.71 pg/mL	133	3.46 pmol/L	5.92 pmol/L	2.25 pg/mL	3.85 pg/mL
Triiodothyronine, total (TT3)^e	4 d–<1 yr	382	1.30 nmol/L	3.60 nmol/L	85 ng/dL	234 ng/dL	382	1.30 nmol/L	3.60 nmol/L	85 ng/dL	234 ng/dL
	1–<12 yrs	513	1.74 nmol/L	2.91 nmol/L	113 ng/dL	189 ng/dL	513	1.74 nmol/L	2.91 nmol/L	113 ng/dL	189 ng/dL
	12–<15 yrs	208	1.50 nmol/L	2.71 nmol/L	98 ng/dL	176 ng/dL	208	1.50 nmol/L	2.71 nmol/L	98 ng/dL	176 ng/dL
	15–<17 yrs	59	1.42 nmol/L	2.18 nmol/L	92 ng/dL	142 ng/dL	64	1.44 nmol/L	2.40 nmol/L	94 ng/dL	156 ng/dL
	17–<19 yrs	127	1.38 nmol/L	2.58 nmol/L	90 ng/dL	168 ng/dL	127	1.38 nmol/L	2.58 nmol/L	90 ng/dL	168 ng/dL
Testosterone, calculated bioavailable (cBAT)^d	0–<1 yr	103	0.01 nmol/L	0.21 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	6 ng/dL	43	0.01 nmol/L	4.23 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	122 ng/dL
	1–<9 yrs	103	0.01 nmol/L	0.21 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	6 ng/dL	67	0.01 nmol/L	0.10 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	3 ng/dL
	9–<14 yrs	66	0.02 nmol/L	0.38 nmol/L	1 ng/dL	11 ng/dL	58	0.02 nmol/L	5.62 nmol/L	1 ng/dL	162 ng/dL
	14–<19 yrs	64	0.13 nmol/L	0.80 nmol/L	4 ng/dL	23 ng/dL	62	0.42 nmol/L	12.03 nmol/L	12 ng/dL	347 ng/dL
Testosterone, calculated free (cFT)^d	0–<1 yr	103	0.3 pmol/L	9.1 pmol/L	0.0 ng/dL	0.3 ng/dL	43	0.1 pmol/L	198.4 pmol/L	0.0 ng/dL	5.7 ng/dL
	1–<9 yrs	103	0.3 pmol/L	9.1 pmol/L	0.0 ng/dL	0.3 ng/dL	67	0.3 pmol/L	4.0 pmol/L	0.0 ng/dL	0.1 ng/dL
	9–<14 yrs	66	1.0 pmol/L	16.4 pmol/L	0.0 ng/dL	0.5 ng/dL	50	1.5 pmol/L	250.6 pmol/L	0.0 ng/dL	7.2 ng/dL
	14–<19 yrs	65	4.9 pmol/L	34.3 pmol/L	0.1 ng/dL	1.0 ng/dL	62	17.4 pmol/L	494.0 pmol/L	0.5 ng/dL	14.2 ng/dL
Testosterone^f (age partitions)	4 d –<9 yrs	125	0.04 nmol/L	2.15 nmol/L	<1.2 ng/dL	62.0 ng/dL
	9–<13 yrs	102	NA	0.98 nmol/L	NA	28.2 ng/dL
	13–<15 yrs	79	0.36 nmol/L	1.54 nmol/L	10.4 ng/dL	44.4 ng/dL
	15–<19 yrs	110	0.49 nmol/L	1.70 nmol/L	14.1 ng/dL	49.0 ng/dL
	4 d –<6 m						72	0.3 nmol/L	10.4 nmol/L	<9 ng/dL	299 ng/dL
	6 m–<9 yrs						61	NA	1.2 nmol/L	NA	36 ng/dL
	9–<11 yrs						45	NA	0.8 nmol/L	NA	23 ng/dL
	11–<14 yrs						89	NA	15.4 nmol/L	NA	444 ng/dL
	14–<16 yrs						78	1.3 nmol/L	21.9 nmol/L	36 ng/dL	632 ng/dL
	16–<19 yrs						94	5.1 nmol/L	27.6 nmol/L	148 ng/dL	794 ng/dL
Testosterone^f (Tanner stage partitions)	I	21	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	17 ng/dL	20	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	18 ng/dL
	II	21	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	20 ng/dL	32	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	25 ng/dL
	III	26	NA	1 nmol/L	NA	42 ng/dL	22	NA	19 nmol/L	NA	543 ng/dL
	IV	62	0 nmol/L	1 nmol/L	9 ng/dL	42 ng/dL	52	0 nmol/L	22 nmol/L	9 ng/dL	636 ng/dL
	V	34	0 nmol/L	2 nmol/L	4 ng/dL	50 ng/dL	17	3 nmol/L	26 nmol/L	100 ng/dL	760 ng/dL
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)^e	4 d–<6 m	139	0.73 mIU/L	4.77 mIU/L	0.73 mIU/L	4.77 mIU/L	139	0.73 mIU/L	4.77 mIU/L	0.73 mIU/L	4.77 mIU/L
	6 m–<14 yrs	640	0.70 mIU/L	4.17 mIU/L	0.70 mIU/L	4.17 mIU/L	640	0.70 mIU/L	4.17 mIU/L	0.70 mIU/L	4.17 mIU/L
	14–<19 yrs	259	0.47 mIU/L	3.41 mIU/L	0.47 mIU/L	3.41 mIU/L	259	0.47 mIU/L	3.41 mIU/L	0.47 mIU/L	3.41 mIU/L
Total protein^a	0–<15 d	158	53 g/L	83 g/L	5.3 g/dL	8.3 g/dL	158	53 g/L	83 g/L	5.3 g/dL	8.3 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	152	44 g/L	71 g/L	4.4 g/dL	7.1 g/dL	152	44 g/L	71 g/L	4.4 g/dL	7.1 g/dL
	1–<6 yrs	209	61 g/L	75 g/L	6.1 g/dL	7.5 g/dL	209	61 g/L	75 g/L	6.1 g/dL	7.5 g/dL
	6–<9 yrs	118	64 g/L	77 g/L	6.4 g/dL	7.7 g/dL	118	64 g/L	77 g/L	6.4 g/dL	7.7 g/dL
	9–<19 yrs	558	65 g/L	81 g/L	6.5 g/dL	8.1 g/dL	558	65 g/L	81 g/L	6.5 g/dL	8.1 g/dL
Transferrin^a	0–<9 wk	188	1.04 g/L	2.24 g/L	104 mg/dL	224 mg/dL	188	1.04 g/L	2.24 g/L	104 mg/dL	224 mg/dL
	9 wk–<1 yr	104	1.07 g/L	3.24 g/L	107 mg/dL	324 mg/dL	104	1.07 g/L	3.24 g/L	107 mg/dL	324 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	878	2.20 g/L	3.37 g/L	220 mg/dL	337 mg/dL	878	2.20 g/L	3.37 g/L	220 mg/dL	337 mg/dL
Triglycerides^a	0–<15 d	138	0.93 mmol/L	2.93 mmol/L	82 mg/dL	259 mg/dL	138	0.93 mmol/L	2.93 mmol/L	82 mg/dL	259 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	141	0.60 mmol/L	2.92 mmol/L	53 mg/dL	258 mg/dL	141	0.60 mmol/L	2.92 mmol/L	53 mg/dL	258 mg/dL
	1 yr–<19 yrs	863	0.50 mmol/L	2.23 mmol/L	44 mg/dL	197 mg/dL	863	0.50 mmol/L	2.23 mmol/L	44 mg/dL	197 mg/dL
Troponin I (TnI)^e	5–<15 d	46	3 ng/L	936 ng/L	3 ng/L	936 ng/L	46	3 ng/L	936 ng/L	3 ng/L	936 ng/L
	15 d–<3 m	35	NA	NA	NA	NA	35	NA	NA	NA	NA
	3 m–<19 yrs	691	NA	<9 ng/L	NA	<9 ng/L	691	NA	<9 ng/L	NA	<9 ng/L
Urea^a	0–<15 d	312	1.0 nmol/L	8.2 nmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	23.0 mg/dL	312	1.0 nmol/L	8.2 nmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	23.0 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	138	1.2 nmol/L	6.0 nmol/L	3.4 mg/dL	16.8 mg/dL	138	1.2 nmol/L	6.0 nmol/L	3.4 mg/dL	16.8 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	406	3.2 nmol/L	7.9 nmol/L	9.0 mg/dL	22.1 mg/dL	406	3.2 nmol/L	7.9 nmol/L	9.0 mg/dL	22.1 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	273	2.6 nmol/L	6.8 nmol/L	7.3 mg/dL	19.0 mg/dL	262	2.6 nmol/L	7.5 nmol/L	7.3 mg/dL	21.0 mg/dL
Uric acid^a	0–<15 d	193	164 µmol/L	757 µmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	12.7 mg/dL	193	164 µmol/L	757 µmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	12.7 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	149	94 µmol/L	377 µmol/L	1.6 mg/dL	6.3 mg/dL	149	94 µmol/L	377 µmol/L	1.6 mg/dL	6.3 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	506	106 µmol/L	289 µmol/L	1.8 mg/dL	4.9 mg/dL	506	106 µmol/L	289 µmol/L	1.8 mg/dL	4.9 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	220	153 µmol/L	349 µmol/L	2.6 mg/dL	5.9 mg/dL	208	156 µmol/L	454 µmol/L	2.6 mg/dL	7.6 mg/dL
Vitamin D (25OH)^e	5–<15 d	100	4 nmol/L	85 nmol/L	1.7 ng/mL	34.0 ng/mL	100	4 nmol/L	85 nmol/L	1.7 ng/mL	34.0 ng/mL
	15 d–<3 m	52	15 nmol/L	101 nmol/L	6.2 ng/mL	40.5 ng/mL	52	15 nmol/L	101 nmol/L	6.2 ng/mL	40.5 ng/mL
	3 m–<1 yr	111	17 nmol/L	118 nmol/L	6.9 ng/mL	47.3 ng/mL	111	17 nmol/L	118 nmol/L	6.9 ng/mL	47.3 ng/mL
	1–<9 yrs	244	33 nmol/L	137 nmol/L	13.2 ng/mL	54.9 ng/mL	244	33 nmol/L	137 nmol/L	13.2 ng/mL	54.9 ng/mL
	9–<14 yrs	281	32 nmol/L	116 nmol/L	12.7 ng/mL	46.5 ng/mL	281	32 nmol/L	116 nmol/L	12.7 ng/mL	46.5 ng/mL
	14–<19 yrs	270	12 nmol/L	106 nmol/L	4.8 ng/mL	42.3 ng/mL	270	12 nmol/L	106 nmol/L	4.8 ng/mL	42.3 ng/mL

Reference interval value units are in Standard International units (SI units) and Conventional units (CON units). Colored partitions indicate sex-specific differences within the age partitions.

^a Refer to the original publication [9] for additional information.

^b Refer to the original publication [20] for additional information.

^c Refer to the original publication [14] for additional information.

^d Refer to the original publication [17] for additional information.

^e Refer to the original publication [10] for additional information.

^f Refer to the original publication [12] for additional information.

Table 2. Pediatric reference intervals for the Beckman AU – age and sex specific.

		Female reference interval				Male reference interval
		SI units		CON units		SI units		CON units
Analyte	Age	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL
Alanine aminotransferase– US (ALT)	0–<1 yr	6 U/L	30 U/L	6 U/L	30 U/L	6 U/L	30 U/L	6 U/L	30 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	9 U/L	23 U/L	9 U/L	23 U/L	9 U/L	23 U/L	9 U/L	23 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	8 U/L	21 U/L	8 U/L	21 U/L	9 U/L	22 U/L	9 U/L	22 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase-non US (ALTO)	0–<1 yr	6 U/L	33 U/L	6 U/L	33 U/L	6 U/L	33 U/L	6 U/L	33 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	10 U/L	25 U/L	10 U/L	25 U/L	10 U/L	25 U/L	10 U/L	25 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	9 U/L	22 U/L	9 U/L	22 U/L	10 U/L	24 U/L	10 U/L	24 U/L
Albumin-US (ALB)	0–<15 d	31 g/L	43 g/L	3.1 g/dL	4.3 g/dL	31 g/L	43 g/L	3.1 g/dL	4.3 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	28 g/L	48 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.8 g/dL	28 g/L	48 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.8 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	38 g/L	47 g/L	3.8 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	38 g/L	47 g/L	3.8 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	39 g/L	49 g/L	3.9 g/dL	4.9 g/dL	39 g/L	49 g/L	3.9 g/dL	4.9 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	38 g/L	51 g/L	3.8 g/dL	5.1 g/dL	40 g/L	52 g/L	4.0 g/dL	5.2 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase-US (ALP)	0–<15 d	76 U/L	233 U/L	76 U/L	233 U/L	76 U/L	233 U/L	76 U/L	233 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	113 U/L	443 U/L	113 U/L	443 U/L	113 U/L	443 U/L	113 U/L	443 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	132 U/L	315 U/L	132 U/L	315 U/L	132 U/L	315 U/L	132 U/L	315 U/L
	10–<13 yrs	119 U/L	393 U/L	119 U/L	393 U/L	119 U/L	393 U/L	119 U/L	393 U/L
	13–<15 yrs	52 U/L	239 U/L	52 U/L	239 U/L	107 U/L	442 U/L	107 U/L	442 U/L
	15–<17 yrs	45 U/L	108 U/L	45 U/L	108 U/L	75 U/L	312 U/L	75 U/L	312 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	40 U/L	80 U/L	40 U/L	80 U/L	49 U/L	139 U/L	49 U/L	139 U/L
Alkaline phosphatase-non-US (ALPO)	0–<15 d	91 U/L	281 U/L	91 U/L	281 U/L	91 U/L	281 U/L	91 U/L	281 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	137 U/L	535 U/L	137 U/L	535 U/L	137 U/L	535 U/L	137 U/L	535 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	160 U/L	381 U/L	160 U/L	381 U/L	160 U/L	381 U/L	160 U/L	381 U/L
	10–<13 yrs	144 U/L	475 U/L	144 U/L	475 U/L	144 U/L	475 U/L	144 U/L	475 U/L
	13–<15 yrs	62 U/L	288 U/L	62 U/L	288 U/L	130 U/L	534 U/L	130 U/L	534 U/L
	15–<17 yrs	54 U/L	131 U/L	54 U/L	131 U/L	90 U/L	377 U/L	90 U/L	377 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	48 U/L	96 U/L	48 U/L	96 U/L	59 U/L	168 U/L	59 U/L	168 U/L
Amylase-US (AMY)	0–<15 d	1 U/L	7 U/L	1 U/L	7 U/L	1 U/L	7 U/L	1 U/L	7 U/L
	15 d–<13 wks	1 U/L	16 U/L	1 U/L	16 U/L	1 U/L	16 U/L	1 U/L	16 U/L
	13 wks–<1 yr	1 U/L	37 U/L	1 U/L	37 U/L	1 U/L	37 U/L	1 U/L	37 U/L
	1–<19 yrs	18 U/L	76 U/L	18 U/L	76 U/L	18 U/L	76 U/L	18 U/L	76 U/L
Amylase-non-US-OSR6x06 (AMYA)	0–<15 d	0 U/L	6 U/L	0 U/L	6 U/L	0 U/L	6 U/L	0 U/L	6 U/L
	15 d–<13 wks	0 U/L	17 U/L	0 U/L	17 U/L	0 U/L	17 U/L	0 U/L	17 U/L
	13 wks–<1 yr	0 U/L	43 U/L	0 U/L	43 U/L	0 U/L	43 U/L	0 U/L	43 U/L
	1–<19 yrs	20 U/L	90 U/L	20 U/L	90 U/L	20 U/L	90 U/L	20 U/L	90 U/L
Amylase-non-US-OSR6x82 (AMYB)	0–<15 d	2 U/L	10 U/L	2 U/L	10 U/L	2 U/L	10 U/L	2 U/L	10 U/L
	15 d–<13 wks	1 U/L	24 U/L	1 U/L	24 U/L	1 U/L	24 U/L	1 U/L	24 U/L
	13 wks–<1 yr	2 U/L	56 U/L	2 U/L	56 U/L	2 U/L	56 U/L	2 U/L	56 U/L
	1–<19 yrs	27 U/L	115 U/L	27 U/L	115 U/L	27 U/L	115 U/L	27 U/L	115 U/L
Antistreptolysin-O (ASO)	0–<6 m	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	0 IU/mL	19 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	19 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	19 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	19 IU/mL
	1–<6 yrs	0 IU/mL	137 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	137 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	137 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	137 IU/mL
	6–<19 yrs	0 IU/mL	500 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	500 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	500 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	500 IU/mL
Apolipoprotein B (APOB)	0–<15 d	0.08 g/L	0.67 g/L	8 mg/dL	67 mg/dL	0.08 g/L	0.67 g/L	8 mg/dL	67 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.18 g/L	1.23 g/L	18 mg/dL	123 mg/dL	0.18 g/L	1.23 g/L	18 mg/dL	123 mg/dL
	1–<6 yrs	0.40 g/L	0.93 g/L	40 mg/dL	93 mg/dL	0.40 g/L	0.93 g/L	40 mg/dL	93 mg/dL
	6–<19 yrs	0.30 g/L	0.84 g/L	30 mg/dL	84 mg/dL	0.30 g/L	0.84 g/L	30 mg/dL	84 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase-US (AST)	0–<15 d	30 U/L	146 U/L	30 U/L	146 U/L	30 U/L	146 U/L	30 U/L	146 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	19 U/L	61 U/L	19 U/L	61 U/L	19 U/L	61 U/L	19 U/L	61 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	20 U/L	40 U/L	20 U/L	40 U/L	20 U/L	40 U/L	20 U/L	40 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	17 U/L	33 U/L	17 U/L	33 U/L	17 U/L	33 U/L	17 U/L	33 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	12 U/L	24 U/L	12 U/L	24 U/L	13 U/L	32 U/L	13 U/L	32 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase-non-US (ASTA)	0–<15 d	34 U/L	166 U/L	34 U/L	166 U/L	34 U/L	166 U/L	34 U/L	166 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	22 U/L	70 U/L	22 U/L	70 U/L	22 U/L	70 U/L	22 U/L	70 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	23 U/L	46 U/L	23 U/L	46 U/L	23 U/L	46 U/L	23 U/L	46 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	20 U/L	38 U/L	20 U/L	38 U/L	20 U/L	38 U/L	20 U/L	38 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	15 U/L	28 U/L	15 U/L	28 U/L	16 U/L	37 U/L	16 U/L	37 U/L
Bilirubin, direct-US (DBILC)	0–<15 d	3.3 µmol/L	7.6 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	3.3 µmol/L	7.6 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.1 µmol/L	3.0 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.1 µmol/L	3.0 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	0.1 µmol/L	1.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL	0.1 µmol/L	1.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL
	9–<13 yrs	0.1 µmol/L	2.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.1 µmol/L	2.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.7 µmol/L	4.0 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.8 µmol/L	4.2 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
Bilirubin, direct-non-US (DBILCO)	0–<15 d	3.3 µmol/L	7.5 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	3.3 µmol/L	7.5 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.1 µmol/L	2.9 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.1 µmol/L	2.9 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	0.1 µmol/L	1.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL	0.1 µmol/L	1.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL
	9–<13 yrs	0.1 µmol/L	2.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.1 µmol/L	2.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.6 µmol/L	3.9 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.8 µmol/L	4.2 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL
Bilirubin, total-US (TBILC)	0–<15 d	4.4 µmol/L	252.6 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	14.8 mg/dL	4.4 µmol/L	252.6 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	14.8 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	2.2 µmol/L	11.8 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	2.2 µmol/L	11.8 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	2.2 µmol/L	7.5 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	2.2 µmol/L	7.5 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	9–<12 yrs	2.2 µmol/L	9.8 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	2.2 µmol/L	9.8 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	3.0 µmol/L	12.0 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	3.0 µmol/L	12.0 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	3.0 µmol/L	14.2 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	3.0 µmol/L	14.2 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL
Bilirubin, Total-non-US (TBILCO)	0–<15 d	4.5 µmol/L	271.0 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	15.8 mg/dL	4.5 µmol/L	271.0 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	15.8 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	2.2 µmol/L	12.5 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	2.2 µmol/L	12.5 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	2.2 µmol/L	7.9 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL	2.2 µmol/L	7.9 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL
	9–<12 yrs	2.2 µmol/L	10.3 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	2.2 µmol/L	10.3 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	3.0 µmol/L	12.7 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	3.0 µmol/L	12.7 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	3.0 µmol/L	15.1 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.9 mg/dL	3.0 µmol/L	15.1 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.9 mg/dL
C-Reactive protein high sensitivity (CRPHS)	0–<15 d	0.3 mg/L	5.8 mg/L	0.3 mg/L	5.8 mg/L	0.3 mg/L	5.8 mg/L	0.3 mg/L	5.8 mg/L
	15 d–<15 yrs	0.1 mg/L	0.9 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	0.9 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	0.9 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	0.9 mg/L
	15–<19 yrs	0.1 mg/L	1.6 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	1.6 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	1.6 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	1.6 mg/L
Cholesterol-non-US (CHLO)	0–<15 d	1.17 mmol/L	3.43 mmol/L	45 mg/dL	132 mg/dL	0.94 mmol/L	3.18 mmol/L	36 mg/dL	123 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.68 mmol/L	6.67 mmol/L	65 mg/dL	258 mg/dL	1.68 mmol/L	6.67 mmol/L	65 mg/dL	258 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	3.06 mmol/L	5.85 mmol/L	118 mg/dL	226 mg/dL	3.06 mmol/L	5.85 mmol/L	118 mg/dL	226 mg/dL
Cholesterol-US (CHOL)	0–<15 d	1.28 mmol/L	3.19 mmol/L	49 mg/dL	123 mg/dL	1.09 mmol/L	2.97 mmol/L	42 mg/dL	115 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.71 mmol/L	5.91 mmol/L	66 mg/dL	228 mg/dL	1.71 mmol/L	5.91 mmol/L	66 mg/dL	228 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.88 mmol/L	5.23 mmol/L	111 mg/dL	202 mg/dL	2.88 mmol/L	5.23 mmol/L	111 mg/dL	202 mg/dL
Complement component 3 (C3)	0–<15 d	0.57 g/L	1.16 g/L	57 mg/dL	116 mg/dL	0.57 g/L	1.16 g/L	57 mg/dL	116 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.58 g/L	1.49 g/L	58 mg/dL	149 mg/dL	0.58 g/L	1.49 g/L	58 mg/dL	149 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.85 g/L	1.42 g/L	85 mg/dL	142 mg/dL	0.85 g/L	1.42 g/L	85 mg/dL	142 mg/dL
Complement component 4 (C4)	0 d–<1 yrs	0.05 g/L	0.33 g/L	5 mg/dL	33 mg/dL	0.05 g/L	0.33 g/L	5 mg/dL	33 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.12 g/L	0.41 g/L	12 mg/dL	41 mg/dL	0.12 g/L	0.41 g/L	12 mg/dL	41 mg/dL
Enzymatic creatinine-non-US (CROE)	0–<15 d	25 µmol/L	73 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	25 µmol/L	73 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL
	15 d–<2 yrs	7 µmol/L	28 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL	7 µmol/L	28 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL
	2–<5 yrs	15 µmol/L	33 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	15 µmol/L	33 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	5–<12 yrs	23 µmol/L	48 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL	23 µmol/L	48 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	35 µmol/L	64 µmol/L	0.4 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	35 µmol/L	64 µmol/L	0.4 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	38 µmol/L	66 µmol/L	0.4 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	48 µmol/L	85 µmol/L	0.5 mg/dL	1.0 mg/dL
Creatinine-non-US (CREO)	0–<15 d	32 µmol/L	85 µmol/L	0.4 mg/dL	1.0 mg/dL	32 µmol/L	85 µmol/L	0.4 mg/dL	1.0 mg/dL
	15 d–<2 yrs	13 µmol/L	35 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	13 µmol/L	35 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	2–<5 yrs	22 µmol/L	41 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL	22 µmol/L	41 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL
	5–<12 yrs	30 µmol/L	57 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	30 µmol/L	57 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	43 µmol/L	75 µmol/L	0.5 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	43 µmol/L	75 µmol/L	0.5 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	46 µmol/L	77 µmol/L	0.5 mg/dL	0.9 mg/dL	58 µmol/L	99 µmol/L	0.7 mg/dL	1.1 mg/dL
Creatinine-US (CRE)	0–<15 d	30 µmol/L	81 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.9 mg/dL	30 µmol/L	81 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.9 mg/dL
	15 d–<2 yrs	10 µmol/L	33 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	10 µmol/L	33 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	2–<5 yrs	19 µmol/L	38 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	19 µmol/L	38 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	5–<12 yrs	28 µmol/L	54 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	28 µmol/L	54 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	40 µmol/L	71 µmol/L	0.5 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	40 µmol/L	71 µmol/L	0.5 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	43 µmol/L	73 µmol/L	0.5 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	55 µmol/L	94 µmol/L	0.6 mg/dL	1.1 mg/dL
Gamma-glutamyl transferase-US (GGT)	0–<15 d	17 U/L	158 U/L	17 U/L	158 U/L	17 U/L	158 U/L	17 U/L	158 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	6 U/L	92 U/L	6 U/L	92 U/L	6 U/L	92 U/L	6 U/L	92 U/L
	1–<11 yrs	5 U/L	12 U/L	5 U/L	12 U/L	5 U/L	12 U/L	5 U/L	12 U/L
	11–<19 yrs	5 U/L	15 U/L	5 U/L	15 U/L	5 U/L	15 U/L	5 U/L	15 U/L
Gamma-glutamyl transferase-non-US-OSR6x19 (GGTA)	0–<15 d	19 U/L	176 U/L	19 U/L	176 U/L	19 U/L	176 U/L	19 U/L	176 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	7 U/L	102 U/L	7 U/L	102 U/L	7 U/L	102 U/L	7 U/L	102 U/L
	1–<11 yrs	5 U/L	13 U/L	5 U/L	13 U/L	5 U/L	13 U/L	5 U/L	13 U/L
	11–<19 yrs	6 U/L	17 U/L	6 U/L	17 U/L	6 U/L	17 U/L	6 U/L	17 U/L
Gamma-glutamyl transferase-non-US-OSR6x20 (GGTB)	0–<15 d	20 U/L	196 U/L	20 U/L	196 U/L	20 U/L	196 U/L	20 U/L	196 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	7 U/L	113 U/L	7 U/L	113 U/L	7 U/L	113 U/L	7 U/L	113 U/L
	1–<11 yrs	5 U/L	14 U/L	5 U/L	14 U/L	5 U/L	14 U/L	5 U/L	14 U/L
	11–<19 yrs	6 U/L	18 U/L	6 U/L	18 U/L	6 U/L	18 U/L	6 U/L	18 U/L
HDL-cholesterol-US (HDL)	0–<15 d	0.41 mmol/L	1.05 mmol/L	16 mg/dL	41 mg/dL	0.41 mmol/L	1.05 mmol/L	16 mg/dL	41 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.32 mmol/L	1.77 mmol/L	12 mg/dL	68 mg/dL	0.32 mmol/L	1.77 mmol/L	12 mg/dL	68 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	0.82 mmol/L	1.56 mmol/L	32 mg/dL	60 mg/dL	0.82 mmol/L	1.56 mmol/L	32 mg/dL	60 mg/dL
	4–<13 yrs	0.90 mmol/L	1.79 mmol/L	35 mg/dL	69 mg/dL	0.90 mmol/L	1.79 mmol/L	35 mg/dL	69 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.81 mmol/L	1.77 mmol/L	31 mg/dL	68 mg/dL	0.97 mmol/L	1.90 mmol/L	37 mg/dL	73 mg/dL
HDL-cholesterol-non-US (HDLO)	0–<15 d	0.42 mmol/L	1.02 mmol/L	16 mg/dL	39 mg/dL	0.42 mmol/L	1.02 mmol/L	16 mg/dL	39 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.33 mmol/L	1.69 mmol/L	13 mg/dL	65 mg/dL	0.33 mmol/L	1.69 mmol/L	13 mg/dL	65 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	0.81 mmol/L	1.50 mmol/L	31 mg/dL	58 mg/dL	0.81 mmol/L	1.50 mmol/L	31 mg/dL	58 mg/dL
	4–<13 yrs	0.88 mmol/L	1.72 mmol/L	34 mg/dL	66 mg/dL	0.88 mmol/L	1.72 mmol/L	34 mg/dL	66 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.80 mmol/L	1.70 mmol/L	31 mg/dL	66 mg/dL	0.95 mmol/L	1.82 mmol/L	37 mg/dL	70 mg/dL
Haptoglobin (HAPT)	0–<15 d	0.01 g/L	0.11 g/L	1 mg/dL	11 mg/dL	0.01 g/L	0.11 g/L	1 mg/dL	11 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.08 g/L	2.10 g/L	8 mg/dL	210 mg/dL	0.08 g/L	2.10 g/L	8 mg/dL	210 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	0.08 g/L	1.55 g/L	8 mg/dL	155 mg/dL	0.08 g/L	1.55 g/L	8 mg/dL	155 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	0.08 g/L	1.70 g/L	8 mg/dL	170 mg/dL	0.08 g/L	1.70 g/L	8 mg/dL	170 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)	0 d–<1 yr	0.0 g/L	0.3 g/L	0 mg/dL	30 mg/dL	0.0 g/L	0.3 g/L	0 mg/dL	30 mg/dL
	1–<3 yrs	0.0 g/L	0.9 g/L	0 mg/dL	90 mg/dL	0.0 g/L	0.9 g/L	0 mg/dL	90 mg/dL
	3–<6 yrs	0.3 g/L	1.5 g/L	30 mg/dL	150 mg/dL	0.3 g/L	1.5 g/L	30 mg/dL	150 mg/dL
	6–<14 yrs	0.5 g/L	2.3 g/L	50 mg/dL	230 mg/dL	0.5 g/L	2.3 g/L	50 mg/dL	230 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	0.5 g/L	3.0 g/L	50 mg/dL	300 mg/dL	0.5 g/L	3.0 g/L	50 mg/dL	300 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)	0–<15 d	3.0 g/L	13.0 g/L	300 mg/dL	1300 mg/dL	3.0 g/L	13.0 g/L	300 mg/dL	1300 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.1 g/L	6.5 g/L	110 mg/dL	650 mg/dL	1.1 g/L	6.5 g/L	110 mg/dL	650 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	3.0 g/L	10.7 g/L	300 mg/dL	1070 mg/dL	3.0 g/L	10.7 g/L	300 mg/dL	1070 mg/dL
	4–<10 yrs	5.1 g/L	12.6 g/L	510 mg/dL	1260 mg/dL	5.1 g/L	12.6 g/L	510 mg/dL	1260 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	6.2 g/L	14.2 g/L	620 mg/dL	1420 mg/dL	6.2 g/L	14.2 g/L	620 mg/dL	1420 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)	0–<15 d	0.2 g/L	0.4 g/L	20 mg/dL	40 mg/dL	0.2 g/L	0.4 g/L	20 mg/dL	40 mg/dL
	15 d–<13 wks	0.2 g/L	0.7 g/L	20 mg/dL	70 mg/dL	0.2 g/L	0.7 g/L	20 mg/dL	70 mg/dL
	13 wks–<1 yr	0.3 g/L	0.9 g/L	30 mg/dL	90 mg/dL	0.3 g/L	0.9 g/L	30 mg/dL	90 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.5 g/L	1.7 g/L	50 mg/dL	170 mg/dL	0.4 g/L	1.3 g/L	40 mg/dL	130 mg/dL
Iron-US (FE)	0–<14 yrs	3.0 µmol/L	24.7 µmol/L	17 µg/dL	138 µg/dL	3.0 µmol/L	24.7 µmol/L	17 µg/dL	138 µg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	3.8 µmol/L	31.3 µmol/L	21 µg/dL	175 µg/dL	6.5 µmol/L	32.4 µmol/L	36 µg/dL	181 µg/dL
Iron-non-US (FEO)	0–<14 yrs	2.9 µmol/L	23.1 µmol/L	16 µg/dL	129 µg/dL	2.9 µmol/L	23.1 µmol/L	16 µg/dL	129 µg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	3.6 µmol/L	29.3 µmol/L	20 µg/dL	164 µg/dL	6.2 µmol/L	30.3 µmol/L	35 µg/dL	169 µg/dL
Lactate dehydrogenase-US (LD)	0–<15 d	256 U/L	1017 U/L	256 U/L	1017 U/L	256 U/L	1017 U/L	256 U/L	1017 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	135 U/L	375 U/L	135 U/L	375 U/L	135 U/L	375 U/L	135 U/L	375 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	159 U/L	266 U/L	159 U/L	266 U/L	159 U/L	266 U/L	159 U/L	266 U/L
	10–<15 yrs	130 U/L	225 U/L	130 U/L	225 U/L	141 U/L	235 U/L	141 U/L	235 U/L
	15–<19 yrs	107 U/L	207 U/L	107 U/L	207 U/L	107 U/L	207 U/L	107 U/L	207 U/L
Lactate dehydrogenase-non-US-OSR6×27 (LDA)	0–<15 d	287 U/L	1128 U/L	287 U/L	1128 U/L	287 U/L	1128 U/L	287 U/L	1128 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	152 U/L	418 U/L	152 U/L	418 U/L	152 U/L	418 U/L	152 U/L	418 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	179 U/L	298 U/L	179 U/L	298 U/L	179 U/L	298 U/L	179 U/L	298 U/L
	10–<15 yrs	146 U/L	252 U/L	146 U/L	252 U/L	158 U/L	263 U/L	158 U/L	263 U/L
	15–<19 yrs	122 U/L	232 U/L	122 U/L	232 U/L	122 U/L	232 U/L	122 U/L	232 U/L
Lactate dehydrogenase-non-US-OSR6×26 (LDB)	0–<15 d	594 U/L	2298 U/L	594 U/L	2298 U/L	594 U/L	2298 U/L	594 U/L	2298 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	321 U/L	861 U/L	321 U/L	861 U/L	321 U/L	861 U/L	321 U/L	861 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	375 U/L	616 U/L	375 U/L	616 U/L	375 U/L	616 U/L	375 U/L	616 U/L
	10–<15 yrs	310 U/L	525 U/L	310 U/L	525 U/L	334 U/L	545 U/L	334 U/L	545 U/L
	15–<19 yrs	260 U/L	484 U/L	260 U/L	484 U/L	260 U/L	484 U/L	260 U/L	484 U/L
Lactate dehydrogenase-non-US-OSR6×28 (LDC)	0–<15 d	321 U/L	1264 U/L	321 U/L	1264 U/L	321 U/L	1264 U/L	321 U/L	1264 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	170 U/L	468 U/L	170 U/L	468 U/L	170 U/L	468 U/L	170 U/L	468 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	200 U/L	333 U/L	200 U/L	333 U/L	200 U/L	333 U/L	200 U/L	333 U/L
	10–<15 yrs	163 U/L	282 U/L	163 U/L	282 U/L	177 U/L	294 U/L	177 U/L	294 U/L
	15–<19 yrs	136 U/L	260 U/L	136 U/L	260 U/L	136 U/L	260 U/L	136 U/L	260 U/L
Magnesium-US (MG)	0–<15 d	0.79 mmol/L	1.56 mmol/L	1.9 mg/dL	3.8 mg/dL	0.79 mmol/L	1.56 mmol/L	1.9 mg/dL	3.8 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.78 mmol/L	1.22 mmol/L	1.9 mg/dL	3.0 mg/dL	0.78 mmol/L	1.22 mmol/L	1.9 mg/dL	3.0 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.83 mmol/L	1.13 mmol/L	2.0 mg/dL	2.7 mg/dL	0.83 mmol/L	1.13 mmol/L	2.0 mg/dL	2.7 mg/dL
Phosphorus-US (PHS)	0–<15 d	1.76 mmol/L	3.37 mmol/L	5.4 mg/dL	10.4 mg/dL	1.76 mmol/L	3.37 mmol/L	5.4 mg/dL	10.4 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.46 mmol/L	2.66 mmol/L	4.5 mg/dL	8.2 mg/dL	1.46 mmol/L	2.66 mmol/L	4.5 mg/dL	8.2 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	1.36 mmol/L	2.16 mmol/L	4.2 mg/dL	6.7 mg/dL	1.36 mmol/L	2.16 mmol/L	4.2 mg/dL	6.7 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	1.26 mmol/L	1.86 mmol/L	3.9 mg/dL	5.8 mg/dL	1.26 mmol/L	1.86 mmol/L	3.9 mg/dL	5.8 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	0.96 mmol/L	1.76 mmol/L	3.0 mg/dL	5.4 mg/dL	1.06 mmol/L	1.96 mmol/L	3.3 mg/dL	6.1 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.96 mmol/L	1.56 mmol/L	3.0 mg/dL	4.8 mg/dL	0.96 mmol/L	1.56 mmol/L	3.0 mg/dL	4.8 mg/dL
Phosphorus-non-US (PHSO)	0–<15 d	1.87 mmol/L	3.74 mmol/L	5.8 mg/dL	11.6 mg/dL	1.87 mmol/L	3.74 mmol/L	5.8 mg/dL	11.6 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.52 mmol/L	2.92 mmol/L	4.7 mg/dL	9.0 mg/dL	1.52 mmol/L	2.92 mmol/L	4.7 mg/dL	9.0 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	1.40 mmol/L	2.33 mmol/L	4.3 mg/dL	7.2 mg/dL	1.40 mmol/L	2.33 mmol/L	4.3 mg/dL	7.2 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	1.28 mmol/L	1.98 mmol/L	4.0 mg/dL	6.1 mg/dL	1.28 mmol/L	1.98 mmol/L	4.0 mg/dL	6.1 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	0.93 mmol/L	1.87 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	5.8 mg/dL	1.05 mmol/L	2.10 mmol/L	3.3 mg/dL	6.5 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.93 mmol/L	1.63 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	5.0 mg/dL	0.93 mmol/L	1.63 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	5.0 mg/dL
Prealbumin (PAB)	0–<15 d	0.02 g/L	0.11 g/L	2 mg/dL	11 mg/dL	0.02 g/L	0.11 g/L	2 mg/dL	11 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.05 g/L	0.22 g/L	5 mg/dL	22 mg/dL	0.05 g/L	0.22 g/L	5 mg/dL	22 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	0.11 g/L	0.21 g/L	11 mg/dL	21 mg/dL	0.11 g/L	0.21 g/L	11 mg/dL	21 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	0.13 g/L	0.24 g/L	13 mg/dL	24 mg/dL	0.13 g/L	0.24 g/L	13 mg/dL	24 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	0.17 g/L	0.29 g/L	17 mg/dL	29 mg/dL	0.17 g/L	0.29 g/L	17 mg/dL	29 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.16 g/L	0.31 g/L	16 mg/dL	31 mg/dL	0.19 g/L	0.32 g/L	19 mg/dL	32 mg/dL
Total protein (TP)	0–<15 d	52 g/L	79 g/L	5.2 g/dL	7.9 g/dL	52 g/L	79 g/L	5.2 g/dL	7.9 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	43 g/L	68 g/L	4.3 g/dL	6.8 g/dL	43 g/L	68 g/L	4.3 g/dL	6.8 g/dL
	1–<6 yrs	59 g/L	72 g/L	5.9 g/dL	7.2 g/dL	59 g/L	72 g/L	5.9 g/dL	7.2 g/dL
	6–<9 yrs	62 g/L	74 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.4 g/dL	62 g/L	74 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.4 g/dL
	9–<19 yrs	63 g/L	77 g/L	6.3 g/dL	7.7 g/dL	63 g/L	77 g/L	6.3 g/dL	7.7 g/dL
Transferrin (Trn)	0–<9 wks	0.99 g/L	2.18 g/L	99 mg/dL	218 mg/dL	0.99 g/L	2.18 g/L	99 mg/dL	218 mg/dL
	9 wks–<1 yr	1.02 g/L	3.17 g/L	102 mg/dL	317 mg/dL	1.02 g/L	3.17 g/L	102 mg/dL	317 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.14 g/L	3.30 g/L	214 mg/dL	330 mg/dL	2.14 g/L	3.30 g/L	214 mg/dL	330 mg/dL
Triglycerides-US (TG)	0–<15 d	0.97 mmol/L	3.13 mmol/L	86 mg/dL	277 mg/dL	0.97 mmol/L	3.13 mmol/L	86 mg/dL	277 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.62 mmol/L	3.12 mmol/L	55 mg/dL	276 mg/dL	0.62 mmol/L	3.12 mmol/L	55 mg/dL	276 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.51 mmol/L	2.38 mmol/L	45 mg/dL	211 mg/dL	0.51 mmol/L	2.38 mmol/L	45 mg/dL	211 mg/dL
Triglycerides-non-US (TGO)	0–<15 d	1.05 mmol/L	3.34 mmol/L	93 mg/dL	296 mg/dL	1.05 mmol/L	3.34 mmol/L	93 mg/dL	296 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.67 mmol/L	3.33 mmol/L	59 mg/dL	295 mg/dL	0.67 mmol/L	3.33 mmol/L	59 mg/dL	295 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.55 mmol/L	2.54 mmol/L	49 mg/dL	225 mg/dL	0.55 mmol/L	2.54 mmol/L	49 mg/dL	225 mg/dL
Urea nitrogen-US (BUN)	0–<15 d	1.1 mmol/L	8.0 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	22 mg/dL	1.1 mmol/L	8.0 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	22 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.3 mmol/L	5.9 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	17 mg/dL	1.3 mmol/L	5.9 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	17 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	3.2 mmol/L	7.7 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	22 mg/dL	3.2 mmol/L	7.7 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	22 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	2.6 mmol/L	6.6 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	18 mg/dL	2.6 mmol/L	7.3 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	20 mg/dL
Urea nitrogen-non-US (BUNO)	0–<15 d	1.1 mmol/L	8.2 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	23 mg/dL	1.1 mmol/L	8.2 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	23 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.3 mmol/L	6.0 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	17 mg/dL	1.3 mmol/L	6.0 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	17 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	3.2 mmol/L	7.9 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	22 mg/dL	3.2 mmol/L	7.9 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	22 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	2.6 mmol/L	6.8 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	19 mg/dL	2.6 mmol/L	7.5 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	21 mg/dL
Uric acid (URIC)	0–<15 d	170 mmol/L	739 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	12.4 mg/dL	170 mmol/L	739 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	12.4 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	103 mmol/L	374 mmol/L	1.7 mg/dL	6.3 mg/dL	103 mmol/L	374 mmol/L	1.7 mg/dL	6.3 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	114 mmol/L	290 mmol/L	1.9 mg/dL	4.9 mg/dL	114 mmol/L	290 mmol/L	1.9 mg/dL	4.9 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	160 mmol/L	347 mmol/L	2.7 mg/dL	5.8 mg/dL	162 mmol/L	448 mmol/L	2.7 mg/dL	7.5 mg/dL
Uric acid (URIO)	0–<15 d	164 µmol/L	776 µmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	13.0 mg/dL	164 µmol/L	776 µmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	13.0 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	91 µmol/L	384 µmol/L	1.5 mg/dL	6.5 mg/dL	91 µmol/L	384 µmol/L	1.5 mg/dL	6.5 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	104 µmol/L	293 µmol/L	1.7 mg/dL	4.9 mg/dL	104 µmol/L	293 µmol/L	1.7 mg/dL	4.9 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	152 µmol/L	355 µmol/L	2.6 mg/dL	6.0 mg/dL	155 µmol/L	463 µmol/L	2.6 mg/dL	7.8 mg/dL

Reference interval value units are in Standard International units (SI units) and Conventional units (CON units).

Colored partitions indicate sex-specific differences within the age partitions. Refer to the original publication [31] for additional information. Approximately 200 patient samples were run on the Beckman Coulter AU to transfer reference intervals from the Abbott ARCHITECT.

Table 3. Pediatric reference intervals for the Beckman DxC – age and sex specific.

		Female reference interval				Male reference interval
		SI units		CON units		SI units		CON units
Analyte	Age	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)^a	0–<1 yr	8 U/L	34 U/L	8 U/L	34 U/L	8 U/L	34 U/L	8 U/L	34 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	12 U/L	27 U/L	12 U/L	27 U/L	12 U/L	27 U/L	12 U/L	27 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	11 U/L	24 U/L	11 U/L	24 U/L	12 U/L	26 U/L	12 U/L	26 U/L
Albumin (ALBm)^a	0–<15 d	29 g/L	42 g/L	2.9 g/dL	4.2 g/dL	29 g/L	42 g/L	2.9 g/dL	4.2 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	26 g/L	47 g/L	2.6 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	26 g/L	47 g/L	2.6 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	36 g/L	46 g/L	3.6 g/dL	4.6 g/dL	36 g/L	46 g/L	3.6 g/dL	4.6 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	38 g/L	48 g/L	3.8 g/dL	4.8 g/dL	38 g/L	48 g/L	3.8 g/dL	4.8 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	36 g/L	50 g/L	3.6 g/dL	5.0 g/dL	39 g/L	51 g/L	3.9 g/dL	5.1 g/dL
Albumin P^a	0–<15 d	28 g/L	42 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.2 g/dL	28 g/L	42 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.2 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	25 g/L	47 g/L	2.5 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	25 g/L	47 g/L	2.5 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	35 g/L	46 g/L	3.5 g/dL	4.6 g/dL	35 g/L	46 g/L	3.5 g/dL	4.6 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	38 g/L	48 g/L	3.8 g/dL	4.8 g/dL	38 g/L	48 g/L	3.8 g/dL	4.8 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	35 g/L	50 g/L	3.5 g/dL	5.0 g/dL	39 g/L	51 g/L	3.9 g/dL	5.1 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)^a	0–<15 d	78 U/L	234 U/L	78 U/L	234 U/L	78 U/L	234 U/L	78 U/L	234 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	116 U/L	442 U/L	116 U/L	442 U/L	116 U/L	442 U/L	116 U/L	442 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	134 U/L	315 U/L	134 U/L	315 U/L	134 U/L	315 U/L	134 U/L	315 U/L
	10–<13 yrs	122 U/L	393 U/L	122 U/L	393 U/L	122 U/L	393 U/L	122 U/L	393 U/L
	13–<15 yrs	55 U/L	240 U/L	55 U/L	240 U/L	110 U/L	441 U/L	110 U/L	441 U/L
	15–<17 yrs	48 U/L	111 U/L	48 U/L	111 U/L	78 U/L	312 U/L	78 U/L	312 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	43 U/L	83 U/L	43 U/L	83 U/L	52 U/L	141 U/L	52 U/L	141 U/L
Amylase (AMY)^a	0–<15 d	0 U/L	8 U/L	0 U/L	8 U/L	0 U/L	8 U/L	0 U/L	8 U/L
	15 d–<13 wks	0 U/L	22 U/L	0 U/L	22 U/L	0 U/L	22 U/L	0 U/L	22 U/L
	13 wks–<1 yr	0 U/L	55 U/L	0 U/L	55 U/L	0 U/L	55 U/L	0 U/L	55 U/L
	1–<19 yrs	26 U/L	115 U/L	26 U/L	115 U/L	26 U/L	115 U/L	26 U/L	115 U/L
Antistreptolysin-O (ASO)^a^,^c	0–<6 m	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	0 IU/mL	3 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	3 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	3 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	3 IU/mL
	1–<6 yrs	0 IU/mL	82 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	82 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	82 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	82 IU/mL
	6–<19 yrs	0 IU/mL	328 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	328 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	328 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	328 IU/mL
Apolipoprotein B (APOB)^a	0–<15 d	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	12 mg/dL	75 mg/dL	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	12 mg/dL	75 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.2 g/L	1.3 g/L	23 mg/dL	134 mg/dL	0.2 g/L	1.3 g/L	23 mg/dL	134 mg/dL
	1–<6 yrs	0.5 g/L	1.0 g/L	46 mg/dL	102 mg/dL	0.5 g/L	1.0 g/L	46 mg/dL	102 mg/dL
	6–<19 yrs	0.4 g/L	0.9 g/L	35 mg/dL	92 mg/dL	0.4 g/L	0.9 g/L	35 mg/dL	92 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)^a	0–<15 d	35 U/L	159 U/L	35 U/L	159 U/L	35 U/L	159 U/L	35 U/L	159 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	23 U/L	68 U/L	23 U/L	68 U/L	23 U/L	68 U/L	23 U/L	68 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	24 U/L	46 U/L	24 U/L	46 U/L	24 U/L	46 U/L	24 U/L	46 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	21 U/L	39 U/L	21 U/L	39 U/L	21 U/L	39 U/L	21 U/L	39 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	17 U/L	29 U/L	17 U/L	29 U/L	18 U/L	38 U/L	18 U/L	38 U/L
Bilirubin, direct^a	0–<15 d	4.0 µmol/L	8.8 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL	4.0 µmol/L	8.8 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.2 µmol/L	3.6 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.2 µmol/L	3.6 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	0.2 µmol/L	2.2 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL	0.2 µmol/L	2.2 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL
	9–<13 yrs	0.2 µmol/L	3.4 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.2 µmol/L	3.4 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.9 µmol/L	4.7 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL	1.1 µmol/L	5.0 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL
Bilirubin total^a^,^c	0–<15 d	4 µmol/L	267 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	15.6 mg/dL	4 µmol/L	267 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	15.6 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	2 µmol/L	12 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	2 µmol/L	12 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	2 µmol/L	7 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	2 µmol/L	7 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	9–<12 yrs	2 µmol/L	10 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	2 µmol/L	10 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	3 µmol/L	12 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	3 µmol/L	12 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	3 µmol/L	14 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	3 µmol/L	14 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL
Calcium^b	0–<15 d	1.20 mmol/L	3.24 mmol/L	46 mg/dL	125 mg/dL	1.10 mmol/L	2.83 mmol/L	42 mg/dL	109 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.66 mmol/L	6.16 mmol/L	64 mg/dL	238 mg/dL	1.66 mmol/L	6.16 mmol/L	64 mg/dL	238 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.91 mmol/L	5.43 mmol/L	112 mg/dL	210 mg/dL	2.91 mmol/L	5.43 mmol/L	112 mg/dL	210 mg/dL
Cholesterol^a	0–<15 d	1.20 mmol/L	3.24 mmol/L	46 mg/dL	125 mg/dL	1.10 mmol/L	2.83 mmol/L	42 mg/dL	109 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.66 mmol/L	6.16 mmol/L	64 mg/dL	238 mg/dL	1.66 mmol/L	6.16 mmol/L	64 mg/dL	238 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.91 mmol/L	5.43 mmol/L	112 mg/dL	210 mg/dL	2.91 mmol/L	5.43 mmol/L	112 mg/dL	210 mg/dL
Complement component 3 (C3)^a	0–<15 d	0.56 g/L	1.31 g/L	56 mg/dL	131 mg/dL	0.56 g/L	1.31 g/L	56 mg/dL	131 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.57 g/L	1.71 g/L	57 mg/dL	171 mg/dL	0.57 g/L	1.71 g/L	57 mg/dL	171 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.91 g/L	1.63 g/L	91 mg/dL	163 mg/dL	0.91 g/L	1.63 g/L	91 mg/dL	163 mg/dL
Complement component 4 (C4)^a	0 –<1 yrs	0.06 g/L	0.34 g/L	6 mg/dL	34 mg/dL	0.06 g/L	0.34 g/L	6 mg/dL	34 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.13 g/L	0.43 g/L	13 mg/dL	43 mg/dL	0.13 g/L	0.43 g/L	13 mg/dL	43 mg/dL
Creatinine, enzymatic^a	0–<15 d	27 µmol/L	77 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.9 mg/dL	27 µmol/L	77 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.9 mg/dL
	15 d–<2 yrs	9 µmol/L	30 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL	9 µmol/L	30 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL
	2–<5 yrs	17 µmol/L	36 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	17 µmol/L	36 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	5–<12 yrs	26 µmol/L	51 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	26 µmol/L	51 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	38 µmol/L	68 µmol/L	0.4 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	38 µmol/L	68 µmol/L	0.4 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	41 µmol/L	70 µmol/L	0.5 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	52 µmol/L	90 µmol/L	0.6 mg/dL	1.0 mg/dL
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)^a	0–<15 d	16 U/L	137 U/L	16 U/L	137 U/L	16 U/L	137 U/L	16 U/L	137 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	7 U/L	80 U/L	7 U/L	80 U/L	7 U/L	80 U/L	7 U/L	80 U/L
	1–<11 yrs	5 U/L	12 U/L	5 U/L	12 U/L	5 U/L	12 U/L	5 U/L	12 U/L
	11–<19 yrs	6 U/L	15 U/L	6 U/L	15 U/L	6 U/L	15 U/L	6 U/L	15 U/L
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)^a	0–<15 d	0.48 mmol/L	1.07 mmol/L	19 mg/dL	41 mg/dL	0.48 mmol/L	1.07 mmol/L	19 mg/dL	41 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.39 mmol/L	1.74 mmol/L	15 mg/dL	67 mg/dL	0.39 mmol/L	1.74 mmol/L	15 mg/dL	67 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	0.86 mmol/L	1.55 mmol/L	33 mg/dL	60 mg/dL	0.86 mmol/L	1.55 mmol/L	33 mg/dL	60 mg/dL
	4–<13 yrs	0.93 mmol/L	1.77 mmol/L	36 mg/dL	68 mg/dL	0.93 mmol/L	1.77 mmol/L	36 mg/dL	68 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.86 mmol/L	1.75 mmol/L	33 mg/dL	68 mg/dL	0.85 mmol/L	1.67 mmol/L	33 mg/dL	64 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)^a	0–<1 yr	0.0 g/L	0.3 g/L	0 mg/dL	30 mg/dL	0.0 g/L	0.3 g/L	0 mg/dL	30 mg/dL
	1–<3 yrs	0.0 g/L	0.9 g/L	0 mg/dL	90 mg/dL	0.0 g/L	0.9 g/L	0 mg/dL	90 mg/dL
	3–<6 yrs	0.3 g/L	1.6 g/L	30 mg/dL	160 mg/dL	0.3 g/L	1.6 g/L	30 mg/dL	160 mg/dL
	6–<14 yrs	0.5 g/L	2.3 g/L	50 mg/dL	230 mg/dL	0.5 g/L	2.3 g/L	50 mg/dL	230 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	0.5 g/L	3.1 g/L	50 mg/dL	310 mg/dL	0.5 g/L	3.1 g/L	50 mg/dL	310 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)^a	0–<15 d	3.0 g/L	13.6 g/L	300 mg/dL	1360 mg/dL	3.0 g/L	13.6 g/L	300 mg/dL	1360 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.0 g/L	6.8 g/L	110 mg/dL	680 mg/dL	1.0 g/L	6.8 g/L	110 mg/dL	680 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	3.0 g/L	11.2 g/L	300 mg/dL	1120 mg/dL	3.0 g/L	11.2 g/L	300 mg/dL	1120 mg/dL
	4–<10 yrs	5.2 g/L	13.2 g/L	520 mg/dL	1320 mg/dL	5.2 g/L	13.2 g/L	520 mg/dL	1320 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	6.4 g/L	14.9 g/L	640 mg/dL	1490 mg/dL	6.4 g/L	14.9 g/L	640 mg/dL	1490 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)^a	0–<15 d	0.2 g/L	0.5 g/L	20 mg/dL	50 mg/dL	0.2 g/L	0.5 g/L	20 mg/dL	50 mg/dL
	15 d–<13 wks	0.2 g/L	0.7 g/L	20 mg/dL	70 mg/dL	0.2 g/L	0.7 g/L	20 mg/dL	70 mg/dL
	13 wks–<1 yr	0.3 g/L	0.9 g/L	30 mg/dL	90 mg/dL	0.3 g/L	0.9 g/L	30 mg/dL	90 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.6 g/L	1.8 g/L	60 mg/dL	180 mg/dL	0.5 g/L	1.5 g/L	50 mg/dL	150 mg/dL
Iron^a	0–<14 yrs	3.1 µmol/L	23.1 µmol/L	17 µg/dL	129 µg/dL	3.1 µmol/L	23.1 µmol/L	17 µg/dL	129 µg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	3.8 µmol/L	29.2 µmol/L	21 µg/dL	163 µg/dL	5.8 µmol/L	30.2 µmol/L	32 µg/dL	169 µg/dL
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)^a	0–<15 d	254 U/L	982 U/L	254 U/L	982 U/L	254 U/L	982 U/L	254 U/L	982 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	137 U/L	368 U/L	137 U/L	368 U/L	137 U/L	368 U/L	137 U/L	368 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	160 U/L	263 U/L	160 U/L	263 U/L	160 U/L	263 U/L	160 U/L	263 U/L
	10–<15 yrs	132 U/L	224 U/L	132 U/L	224 U/L	143 U/L	233 U/L	143 U/L	233 U/L
	15–<19 yrs	111 U/L	207 U/L	111 U/L	207 U/L	111 U/L	207 U/L	111 U/L	207 U/L
Magnesium^c (MG)^a	0–<15 d	0.83 mmol/L	1.65 mmol/L	2.0 mg/dL	4.0 mg/dL	0.83 mmol/L	1.65 mmol/L	2.0 mg/dL	4.0 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.82 mmol/L	1.29 mmol/L	2.0 mg/dL	3.1 mg/dL	0.82 mmol/L	1.29 mmol/L	2.0 mg/dL	3.1 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.87 mmol/L	1.19 mmol/L	2.1 mg/dL	2.9 mg/dL	0.87 mmol/L	1.19 mmol/L	2.1 mg/dL	2.9 mg/dL
Phosphate (PHS)^a	0–<15 d	1.91 mmol/L	3.65 mmol/L	5.9 mg/dL	11.3 mg/dL	1.91 mmol/L	3.65 mmol/L	5.9 mg/dL	11.3 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.62 mmol/L	2.91 mmol/L	5.0 mg/dL	9.0 mg/dL	1.62 mmol/L	2.91 mmol/L	5.0 mg/dL	9.0 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	1.45 mmol/L	2.33 mmol/L	4.5 mg/dL	7.2 mg/dL	1.45 mmol/L	2.33 mmol/L	4.5 mg/dL	7.2 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	1.40 mmol/L	2.04 mmol/L	4.3 mg/dL	6.3 mg/dL	1.40 mmol/L	2.04 mmol/L	4.3 mg/dL	6.3 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	1.06 mmol/L	1.90 mmol/L	3.3 mg/dL	5.9 mg/dL	1.19 mmol/L	2.11 mmol/L	3.7 mg/dL	6.5 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.98 mmol/L	1.71 mmol/L	3.0 mg/dL	5.3 mg/dL	0.98 mmol/L	1.71 mmol/L	3.0 mg/dL	5.3 mg/dL
Prealbumin^a	0–<15 d	0.02 g/L	0.12 g/L	2 mg/dL	12 mg/dL	0.02 g/L	0.12 g/L	2 mg/dL	12 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.05 g/L	0.25 g/L	5 mg/dL	25 mg/dL	0.05 g/L	0.25 g/L	5 mg/dL	25 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	0.12 g/L	0.24 g/L	12 mg/dL	24 mg/dL	0.12 g/L	0.24 g/L	12 mg/dL	24 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	0.15 g/L	0.27 g/L	15 mg/dL	27 mg/dL	0.15 g/L	0.27 g/L	15 mg/dL	27 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	0.19 g/L	0.33 g/L	19 mg/dL	33 mg/dL	0.19 g/L	0.33 g/L	19 mg/dL	33 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.18 g/L	0.35 g/L	18 mg/dL	35 mg/dL	0.21 g/L	0.37 g/L	21 mg/dL	37 mg/dL
Total protein^a	0–<15 d	54 g/L	83 g/L	5.4 g/dL	8.3 g/dL	54 g/L	83 g/L	5.4 g/dL	8.3 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	45 g/L	71 g/L	4.5 g/dL	7.1 g/dL	45 g/L	71 g/L	4.5 g/dL	7.1 g/dL
	1–<6 yrs	62 g/L	75 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.5 g/dL	62 g/L	75 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.5 g/dL
	6–<9 yrs	65 g/L	77 g/L	6.5 g/dL	7.7 g/dL	65 g/L	77 g/L	6.5 g/dL	7.7 g/dL
	9–<19 yrs	66 g/L	81 g/L	6.6 g/dL	8.1 g/dL	66 g/L	81 g/L	6.6 g/dL	8.1 g/dL
Total protein (Tpm)^a	0–<15 d	52 g/L	81 g/L	5.2 g/dL	8.1 g/dL	52 g/L	81 g/L	5.2 g/dL	8.1 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	43 g/L	69 g/L	4.3 g/dL	6.9 g/dL	43 g/L	69 g/L	4.3 g/dL	6.9 g/dL
	1–<6 yrs	59 g/L	73 g/L	5.9 g/dL	7.3 g/dL	59 g/L	73 g/L	5.9 g/dL	7.3 g/dL
	6–<9 yrs	62 g/L	75 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.5 g/dL	62 g/L	75 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.5 g/dL
	9–<19 yrs	63 g/L	79 g/L	6.3 g/dL	7.9 g/dL	63 g/L	79 g/L	6.3 g/dL	7.9 g/dL
Transferrin^a	0–<9 wks	1.12 g/L	2.30 g/L	112 mg/dL	230 mg/dL	1.12 g/L	2.30 g/L	112 mg/dL	230 mg/dL
	9 wks–<1 yr	1.15 g/L	3.28 g/L	115 mg/dL	328 mg/dL	1.15 g/L	3.28 g/L	115 mg/dL	328 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.26 g/L	3.41 g/L	226 mg/dL	341 mg/dL	2.26 g/L	3.41 g/L	226 mg/dL	341 mg/dL
Triglycerides^a	0–<15 d	0.95 mmol/L	3.19 mmol/L	84 mg/dL	282 mg/dL	0.95 mmol/L	3.19 mmol/L	84 mg/dL	282 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.58 mmol/L	3.18 mmol/L	51 mg/dL	281 mg/dL	0.58 mmol/L	3.18 mmol/L	51 mg/dL	281 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.47 mmol/L	2.41 mmol/L	41 mg/dL	213 mg/dL	0.47 mmol/L	2.41 mmol/L	41 mg/dL	213 mg/dL
Urea (BUN)^a	0–<15 d	1.3 mmol/L	8.6 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	24 mg/dL	1.3 mmol/L	8.6 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	24 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.5 mmol/L	6.4 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	18 mg/dL	1.5 mmol/L	6.4 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	18 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	3.5 mmol/L	8.3 mmol/L	10 mg/dL	23 mg/dL	3.5 mmol/L	8.3 mmol/L	10 mg/dL	23 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	2.9 mmol/L	7.2 mmol/L	8 mg/dL	20 mg/dL	2.9 mmol/L	7.9 mmol/L	8 mg/dL	22 mg/dL
Urea (BUNm)^a	0–<15 d	0.7 mmol/L	7.7 mmol/L	2 mg/dL	22 mg/dL	0.7 mmol/L	7.7 mmol/L	2 mg/dL	22 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.9 mmol/L	5.5 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	15 mg/dL	0.9 mmol/L	5.5 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	15 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	2.8 mmol/L	7.4 mmol/L	8 mg/dL	21 mg/dL	2.8 mmol/L	7.4 mmol/L	8 mg/dL	21 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	2.2 mmol/L	6.3 mmol/L	6 mg/dL	18 mg/dL	2.2 mmol/L	7.0 mmol/L	6 mg/dL	20 mg/dL
Uric acid (URIC)^a	0–<15 d	168 mmol/L	696 mmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	11.7 mg/dL	168 mmol/L	696 mmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	11.7 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	106 mmol/L	358 mmol/L	1.8 mg/dL	6.0 mg/dL	106 mmol/L	358 mmol/L	1.8 mg/dL	6.0 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	116 mmol/L	279 mmol/L	2.0 mg/dL	4.7 mg/dL	116 mmol/L	279 mmol/L	2.0 mg/dL	4.7 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	158 mmol/L	333 mmol/L	2.7 mg/dL	5.6 mg/dL	161 mmol/L	426 mmol/L	2.7 mg/dL	7.2 mg/dL

Reference interval value units are in Standard International units (SI units) and Convential units (CON units).

Colored partitions indicate sex-specific differences within the age partitions.

^a Refer to the original publication [30] for additional information.

^b Refer to the original publication [29] for additional information.

Approximately 200 patient samples were run on the Beckman Coulter DxC to transfer reference intervals from the Abbott ARCHITECT.

^c Reference interval did not verify. Use with caution. See origical publication [29,30] for more infornation.

Table 4. Pediatric reference intervals for the Beckman DxI – age and sex specific.

		Female reference interval					Male reference interval
			SI units		CON units			SI units		CON units
Analyte	Age	N	LL	UL	LL	UL	N	LL	UL	LL	UL
Alpha-fetoprotin (AFP)	0–<4 m	68	33.8 μg/L	>3000 μg/L	33.8 ng/mL	>3000 ng/mL	68	33.8 μg/L	>3000 μg/L	33.8 ng/mL	>3000 ng/mL
	4–<9 m	72	1.57 μg/L	113 μg/L	1.57 ng/mL	113 ng/mL	72	1.57 μg/L	113 μg/L	1.57 ng/mL	113 ng/mL
	9 m–<2.5 yrs	91	1.16 μg/L	40.1 μg/L	1.16 ng/mL	40.1 ng/mL	91	1.16 μg/L	40.1 μg/L	1.16 ng/mL	40.1 ng/mL
	2.5–<19 yrs	448	0.79 μg/L	4.48 μg/L	0.79 ng/mL	4.48 ng/mL	448	0.79 μg/L	4.48 μg/L	0.79 ng/mL	4.48 ng/mL
Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)	0–<6 yrs	53	1.44 μg/L	6.05 μg/L	1.44 ng/mL	6.05 ng/mL	63	1.51 μg/L	9.39 μg/L	1.51 ng/mL	9.39 ng/mL
	6–<13 yrs	80	0.88 μg/L	4.37 μg/L	0.88 ng/mL	4.37 ng/mL	86	1.26 μg/L	5.56 μg/L	1.26 ng/mL	5.56 ng/mL
	13–<19 yrs	72	0.46 μg/L	2.04 μg/L	0.46 ng/mL	2.04 ng/mL	68	0.70 μg/L	4.59 μg/L	0.70 ng/mL	4.59 ng/mL
Cortisol	0–<3 m	66	31.5 nmol/l	519.0 nmol/l	1.14 μg/dL	18.8 μg/dL	66	31.5 nmol/l	519.2 nmol/l	1.14 μg/dL	18.8 μg/dL
	3 m–<1 yr	120	72.6 nmol/l	634.0 nmol/l	2.63 μg/dL	23.0 μg/dL	120	72.6 nmol/l	634.0 nmol/l	2.63 μg/dL	23.0 μg/dL
	1–<13 yrs	351	60.4 nmol/l	353.2 nmol/l	2.19 μg/dL	12.8 μg/dL	351	60.4 nmol/l	353.2 nmol/l	2.19 μg/dL	12.8 μg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	89	83.6 nmol/l	472.1 nmol/l	3.03 μg/dL	17.1 μg/dL	89	83.6 nmol/l	472.1 nmol/l	3.03 μg/dL	17.1 μg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	85	104 nmol/l	535 nmol/l	3.78 μg/dL	19.4 μg/dL	85	104 nmol/l	535 nmol/l	3.78 μg/dL	19.4 μg/dL
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S)	0–<15 d	76	3.28 μmol/L	>27.1 μmol/L	1.21 μg/mL	>10.0 μg/mL	76	3.28 μmol/L	>27.1 μmol/L	1.21 μg/mL	>10.0 μg/mL
	15 d–<6 m	42	0.01 μmol/L	8.71 μmol/L	0 μg/mL	3.21 μg/mL	42	0.01 μmol/L	8.71 μmol/L	0 μg/mL	3.21 μg/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	49	0.01 μmol/L	1.24 μmol/L	0 μg/mL	0.46 μg/mL	49	0.01 μmol/L	1.24 μmol/L	0 μg/mL	0.46 μg/mL
	1–<6 yrs	166	<0.05 μmol/L	1.01 μmol/L	<0.02 μg/mL	0.37 μg/mL	166	<0.05 μmol/L	1.01 μmol/L	<0.02 μg/mL	0.37 μg/mL
	6–<9 yrs	87	0.13 μmol/L	2.55 μmol/L	0.05 μg/mL	0.94 μg/mL	87	0.13 μmol/L	2.55 μmol/L	0.05 μg/mL	0.94 μg/mL
	9–<13 yrs	107	0.43 μmol/L	5.62 μmol/L	0.16 μg/mL	0.06 μg/mL	107	0.43 μmol/L	5.62 μmol/L	0.16 μg/mL	0.06 μg/mL
	13–<16 yrs	46	1.03 μmol/L	9.13 μmol/L	0.38 μg/mL	0.14 μg/mL	43	1.79 μmol/L	11.29 μmol/L	0.66 μg/mL	4.16 μg/mL
	16–<19 yrs	44	1.97 μmol/L	16.1 μmol/L	0.73 μg/mL	0.27 μg/mL	41	3.06 μmol/L	16.6 μmol/L	1.13 μg/mL	6.10 μg/mL
Estradiol	0–<1 y	146	<73 pmol/L	193 pmol/L	<19.9 pg/mL	52.5 pg/mL	146	<73 pmol/L	193 pmol/L	<19.9 pg/mL	52.5 pg/mL
	1 yr–<12 yrs	321	<73 pmol/L	<73 pmol/L	<19.9 pg/mL	<19.9 pg/mL	321	<73 pmol/L	<73 pmol/L	<19.9 pg/mL	<19.9 pg/mL
	12–<19 yrs	96	<73 pmol/L	728 pmol/L	<19.9 pg/mL	198 pg/mL	95	<73 pmol/L	153 pmol/L	<19.9 pg/mL	42.8 pg/mL
Ferritin	0–<15 d	146	89.4 pmol/L	1213 pmol/L	39.8 ng/mL	540 ng/mL	146	89.4 pmol/L	1213 pmol/L	39.8 ng/mL	540 ng/mL
	15 d–<6 m	321	34.4 pmol/L	843 pmol/L	15.3 ng/mL	375 ng/mL	321	34.4 pmol/L	843 pmol/L	15.3 ng/mL	375 ng/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	146	29.9 pmol/L	431 pmol/L	13.3 ng/mL	192 ng/mL	146	29.9 pmol/L	431 pmol/L	13.3 ng/mL	192 ng/mL
	1–<16 yrs	321	23.1 pmol/L	125 pmol/L	10.3 ng/mL	55.8 ng/mL	321	23.1 pmol/L	125 pmol/L	10.3 ng/mL	55.8 ng/mL
	16–<19 yrs	43	7.19 pmol/L	169 pmol/L	3.20 ng/mL	75.1 ng/mL	41	42.0 pmol/L	229 pmol/L	18.7 ng/mL	102 ng/mL
Folate	0–<14 yrs	419	27.6 nmol/L	>56.2 nmol/L	12.2 ng/mL	>24.8 ng/mL	419	27.6 nmol/L	>56.2 nmol/L	12.2 ng/mL	>24.8 ng/mL
	14–<19 yrs	132	20.1 nmol/L	>56.2 nmol/L	8.88 ng/mL	>24.8 ng/mL	132	20.1 nmol/L	>56.2 nmol/L	8.88 ng/mL	>24.8 ng/mL
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)	0–<1 yr	53	0.20 IU/L	15.7 IU/L	0.20 mIU/mL	15.7 mIU/mL	105	<0.20 IU/L	3.98 IU/L	<0.20 mIU/mL	3.98 mIU/mL
	1–<9 yrs	114	0.62 IU/L	6.37 IU/L	0.62 mIU/mL	6.37 mIU/mL	130	0.23 IU/L	2.32 IU/L	0.23 mIU/mL	2.32 mIU/mL
	9–<12 yrs	41	0.91 IU/L	7.83 IU/L	0.91 mIU/mL	7.83 mIU/mL	41	0.56 IU/L	4.98 IU/L	0.56 mIU/mL	4.98 mIU/mL
	12–<19 yrs	100	0.59 IU/L	10.2 IU/L	0.59 mIU/mL	10.2 mIU/mL	94	1.26 IU/L	7.40 IU/L	1.26 mIU/mL	7.40 mIU/mL
Growth hormone (GH)	0–<3 m	60	0.80 μg/L	33.54 μg/L	0.80 ng/mL	33.54 ng/mL	60	0.80 μg/L	33.54 μg/L	0.80 ng/mL	33.54 ng/mL
	3 m–<2 yrs	81	0.14 μg/L	6.27 μg/L	0.14 ng/mL	6.27 ng/mL	81	0.14 μg/L	6.27 μg/L	0.14 ng/mL	6.27 ng/mL
	2–<7 yrs	141	0.05 μg/L	5.11 μg/L	0.05 ng/mL	5.11 ng/mL	141	0.05 μg/L	5.11 μg/L	0.05 ng/mL	5.11 ng/mL
	7–<12 yrs	144	0.02 μg/L	4.76 μg/L	0.02 ng/mL	4.76 ng/mL	144	0.02 μg/L	4.76 μg/L	0.02 ng/mL	4.76 ng/mL
	12–<14 yrs	53	0.01 μg/L	6.20 μg/L	0.01 ng/mL	6.20 ng/mL	53	0.01 μg/L	6.20 μg/L	0.01 ng/mL	6.20 ng/mL
	14–<19 yrs	74	0.03 μg/L	5.22 μg/L	0.03 ng/mL	5.22 ng/mL	68	0.02 μg/L	3.81 μg/L	0.02 ng/mL	3.81 ng/mL
Luteinzing hormone (LH)	0–<1 yr	63	<0.2 IU/L	3.28 IU/L	<0.2 mIU/mL	3.28 mIU/mL	110	<0.2 U/L	6.79 IU/L	<0.2 mIU/mL	6.79 mIU/mL
	1–<5 yrs	114	<0.2 IU/L	2.14 IU/L	<0.2 mIU/mL	2.14 mIU/mL	114	<0.2 IU/L	2.14 IU/L	<0.2 mIU/mL	2.14 mIU/mL
	5–<10 yrs	131	<0.2 IU/L	1.67 IU/L	<0.2 mIU/mL	1.67 mIU/mL	131	<0.2 IU/L	1.67 IU/L	<0.2 mIU/mL	1.67 mIU/mL
	10–<14 yrs	51	<0.2 IU/L	8.09 IU/L	<0.2 mIU/mL	8.09 mIU/mL	56	<0.2 IU/L	3.28 IU/L	<0.2 mIU/mL	3.28 mIU/mL
	14–<19 yrs	67	1.59 IU/L	19.0 IU/L	1.59 mIU/mL	19.0 mIU/mL	70	0.81 IU/L	8.96 IU/L	0.81 mIU/mL	8.96 mIU/mL
Immunoglobulin E, total (IgE)	0–<2 yrs	129	0.15 IU/mL	809 IU/mL	0.15 kU/L	809 kU/L	129	0.15 IU/mL	809 IU/mL	0.15 kU/L	809 kU/L
	2–<6 yrs	174	1.00 IU/mL	347 IU/mL	1.00 kU/L	347 kU/L	174	1.00 IU/mL	347 IU/mL	1.00 kU/L	347 kU/L
	6–<19 yrs	297	2.61 IU/mL	1620 IU/mL	2.61 kU/L	1620 kU/L	297	2.61 IU/mL	1620 IU/mL	2.61 kU/L	1620 kU/L
Insulin	0–<2 yrs	111	5.81 pmol/L	216 pmol/L	0.84 μIU/mL	31.1 μIU/mL	111	5.81 pmol/L	216 pmol/L	0.84 μIU/mL	31.1 μIU/mL
	2–<10 yrs	231	10.6 pmol/L	220 pmol/L	1.53 μIU/mL	31.7 μIU/mL	231	10.6 pmol/L	220 pmol/L	1.53 μIU/mL	31.7 μIU/mL
	10–<19 yrs	252	20.1 pmol/L	571 pmol/L	2.89 μIU/mL	82.2 μIU/mL	252	20.1 pmol/L	571 pmol/L	2.89 μIU/mL	82.2 μIU/mL
Ostase (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP))	0–<12 yrs	371	48.1 μg/L	>120 μg/L	48.1 μg/L	>120 μg/L	371	48.1 μg/L	>120 μg/L	48.1 μg/L	>120 μg/L
	12–<15 yrs	44	11.3 μg/L	>120 μg/L	11.3 μg/L	>120 μg/L	40	62.1 μg/L	>120 μg/L	62.1 μg/L	>120 μg/L
	15–<19 yrs	59	8.14 μg/L	35.8 μg/L	8.14 μg/L	35.8 μg/L	43	22.5 μg/L	>120 μg/L	22.5 μg/L	>120 μg/L
Prolactin	0–<30 d	91	50.9 μg/L	>200 μg/L	50.9 ng/mL	>200 ng/mL	91	50.9 μg/L	>200 μg/L	50.9 ng/mL	>200 ng/mL
	30 d–<1 yr	76	3.97 μg/L	71.0 μg/L	3.97 ng/mL	71.0 ng/mL	76	3.97 μg/L	71.0 μg/L	3.97 ng/mL	71.0 ng/mL
	1–<19 yrs	516	3.21 μg/L	18.5 μg/L	3.21 ng/mL	18.5 ng/mL	516	3.21 μg/L	18.5 μg/L	3.21 ng/mL	18.5 ng/mL
Progesterone	4 d–<1 yr	56	0.92 nmol/L	27.6 nmol/L	28.9 ng/dL	867 ng/dL	84	0.57 nmol/L	19.2 nmol/L	17.9 ng/dL	604 ng/dL
	1–<9 yrs	241	<0.32 nmol/L	2.73 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	85.9 ng/dL	240	<0.32 nmol/L	2.73 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	85.9 ng/dL
	9–<13 yrs	112	<0.32 nmol/L	4.48 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	85.9 ng/dL	112	<0.32 nmol/L	4.48 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	85.9 ng/dL
	13–<19 yrs	84	0.80 nmol/L	38.5 nmol/L	25.2 ng/dL	791 ng/dL	80	0.60 nmol/L	5.22 nmol/L	18.9 ng/dL	164 ng/dL
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)	0 –<1 yr	55	0.77 pmol/L	6.14 pmol/L	7.26 pg/mL	57.9 pg/mL	55	0.77 pmol/L	6.14 pmol/L	7.26 pg/mL	57.9 pg/mL
	1–<8 yrs	194	1.25 pmol/L	5.80 pmol/L	11.8 pg/mL	111 pg/mL	194	1.25 pmol/L	5.80 pmol/L	11.8 pg/mL	111 pg/mL
	8–<19 yrs	306	1.28 pmol/L	7.53 pmol/L	12.1 pg/mL	114 pg/mL	306	1.28 pmol/L	7.53 pmol/L	12.1 pg/mL	114 pg/mL
Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)	0–<1 m	59	12.4 nmol/L	116 nmol/L	12.4 nmol/L	116 nmol/L	59	12.4 nmol/L	116 nmol/L	12.4 nmol/L	116 nmol/L
	1 m–<1 yr	128	32.0 nmol/L	>200 nmol/L	32.0 nmol/L	>200 nmol/L	128	32.0 nmol/L	>200 nmol/L	32.0 nmol/L	>200 nmol/L
	1–<8 yrs	212	53.2 nmol/L	174 nmol/L	53.2 nmol/L	174 nmol/L	212	53.2 nmol/L	174 nmol/L	53.2 nmol/L	174 nmol/L
	8–<11 yrs	80	45.4 nmol/L	144 nmol/L	45.4 nmol/L	144 nmol/L	80	45.4 nmol/L	144 nmol/L	45.4 nmol/L	144 nmol/L
	11–<13 yrs	57	15.9 nmol/L	132 nmol/L	15.9 nmol/L	132 nmol/L	57	15.9 nmol/L	132 nmol/L	15.9 nmol/L	132 nmol/L
	13–<19 yrs	85	18.1 nmol/L	95.8 nmol/L	18.1 nmol/L	95.8 nmol/L	84	10.5 nmol/L	75.3 nmol/L	10.5 nmol/L	75.3 nmol/L
Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)	0–<1 yr	46	0.98 mg/L	1.99 mg/L	0.98 mg/L	1.99 mg/L	46	0.98 mg/L	1.99 mg/L	0.98 mg/L	1.99 mg/L
	1–<2.5 yrs	41	1.37 mg/L	2.64 mg/L	1.37 mg/L	2.64 mg/L	41	1.37 mg/L	2.64 mg/L	1.37 mg/L	2.64 mg/L
	2.5–<14 yrs	312	1.03 mg/L	2.09 mg/L	1.03 mg/L	2.09 mg/L	312	1.03 mg/L	2.09 mg/L	1.03 mg/L	2.09 mg/L
	14–<19 yrs	123	0.79 mg/L	1.68 mg/L	0.79 mg/L	1.68 mg/L	123	0.79 mg/L	1.68 mg/L	0.79 mg/L	1.68 mg/L
Thyroxine, free (FT4)	0–<20 d	40	17.4 pmol/L	57.7 pmol/L	1.35 ng/dL	4.48 ng/dL	40	17.4 pmol/L	57.7 pmol/L	1.35 ng/dL	4.48 ng/dL
	20 d–<3 yrs	215	9.52 pmol/L	17.8 pmol/L	0.74 ng/dL	1.38 ng/dL	215	9.52 pmol/L	17.8 pmol/L	0.74 ng/dL	1.38 ng/dL
	3–<19 yrs	455	7.85 pmol/L	13.6 pmol/L	0.61 ng/dL	1.06 ng/dL	455	7.85 pmol/L	13.6 pmol/L	0.61 ng/dL	1.06 ng/dL
Thyroxine, total (TT4)	0–<4 yrs	163	76.3 nmol/L	168 nmol/L	5.93 μg/dL	13.1 μg/dL	163	76.3 nmol/L	168 nmol/L	5.93 μg/dL	13.1 μg/dL
	4–<14 yrs	279	70.0 nmol/L	130 nmol/L	5.44 μg/dL	10.1 μg/dL	279	70.0 nmol/L	130 nmol/L	5.44 μg/dL	10.1 μg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	71	75.0 nmol/L	141 nmol/L	5.83 μg/dL	11.0 μg/dL	66	68.1 nmol/L	119 nmol/L	5.29 μg/dL	9.2 μg/dL
Triiodothyronine, free (FT3)	0–<1 y	81	4.32 pmol/L	6.85 pmol/L	2.81 pg/mL	4.46 pg/mL	81	4.32 pmol/L	6.85 pmol/L	2.81 pg/mL	4.46 pg/mL
	1–<15 yrs	405	3.98 pmol/L	6.19 pmol/L	2.59 pg/mL	4.03 pg/mL	405	3.98 pmol/L	6.19 pmol/L	2.59 pg/mL	4.03 pg/mL
	15–<19 yrs	56	3.47 pmol/L	5.31 pmol/L	2.26 pg/mL	3.46 pg/mL	55	3.81 pmol/L	5.67 pmol/L	2.48 pg/mL	3.69 pg/mL
Triiodothyronine, total (TT3)	0–<1 yr	161	1.40 nmol/L	3.96 nmol/L	91.1 ng/dL	258 ng/dL	161	1.40 nmol/L	3.96 nmol/L	91.1 ng/dL	258 ng/dL
	1–<12 yrs	326	1.84 nmol/L	3.12 nmol/L	120 ng/dL	203 ng/dL	326	1.84 nmol/L	3.12 nmol/L	120 ng/dL	203 ng/dL
	12–<16 yrs	59	1.54 nmol/L	3.00 nmol/L	100 ng/dL	195 ng/dL	54	1.77 nmol/L	3.16 nmol/L	115 ng/dL	206 ng/dL
	16–<19 yrs	82	1.51 nmol/L	2.95 nmol/L	98.3 ng/dL	192 ng/dL	82	1.51 nmol/L	2.95 nmol/L	98.3 ng/dL	192 ng/dL
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)	0–<12 yrs	423	0.79 mIU/L	5.85 mIU/L	0.79 mIU/L	5.85 mIU/L	423	0.79 mIU/L	5.85 mIU/L	0.79 mIU/L	5.85 mIU/L
	12–<19 yrs	182	0.68 mIU/L	3.35 mIU/L	0.68 mIU/L	3.35 mIU/L	182	0.68 mIU/L	3.35 mIU/L	0.68 mIU/L	3.35 mIU/L
Testosterone	0–<1.5 yrs	48	<0.35 nmol/L	2.19 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	63.1 ng/dL	46	<0.35 nmol/L	9.85 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	284 ng/dL
	1.5–<7 yrs	169	<0.35 nmol/L	0.35 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	10.1 ng/dL	169	<0.35 nmol/L	0.35 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	10.1 ng/dL
	7–<9 yrs	58	<0.35 nmol/L	0.62 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	17.9 ng/dL	58	<0.35 nmol/L	0.62 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	17.9 ng/dL
	9–<12 yrs	79	<0.35 nmol/L	1.63 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	47.0 ng/dL	79	<0.35 nmol/L	1.63 nmol/L	<10.1 ng/dL	47.0 ng/dL
	12–<15 yrs	43	0.35 nmol/L	2.26 nmol/L	10.1 ng/dL	65.1 ng/dL
	15–<19 yrs	59	0.62 nmol/L	2.98 nmol/L	17.9 ng/dL	85.9 ng/dL
	12–<19 yrs						94	0.38 nmol/L	19.6 nmol/L	11.0 ng/dL	566 ng/dL
Thyroglobulin	0–<2 yrs	52	7.82 ng/mL	79.5 ng/mL	7.82 ng/mL	79.5 ng/mL	48	2.99 ng/mL	56.0 ng/mL	2.99 ng/mL	56.0 ng/mL
	2–<6 yrs	107	6.74 ng/mL	34.2 ng/mL	6.74 ng/mL	34.2 ng/mL	107	6.74 ng/mL	34.2 ng/mL	6.74 ng/mL	34.2 ng/mL
	6–<9 yrs	85	5.01 ng/mL	28.5 ng/mL	5.01 ng/mL	28.5 ng/mL	85	5.01 ng/mL	28.5 ng/mL	5.01 ng/mL	28.5 ng/mL
	9–<19 yrs	268	2.50 ng/mL	25.8 ng/mL	2.50 ng/mL	25.8 ng/mL	268	2.50 ng/mL	25.8 ng/mL	2.50 ng/mL	25.8 ng/mL
Thyroid uptake	0–<12 yrs	362	38.1%	49.5%	38.1%	49.5 %	362	38.1%	49.5%	38.1%	49.5%
	12–<19 yrs	94	38.1%	48.5%	38.1%	48.5 %	92	39.6%	48.8%	39.6%	48.8%
Troponin-I	0–<4 m	41	<10 ng/L	90 ng/L	<10 ng/L	90 ng/L	41	<10 ng/L	90 ng/L	<10 ng/L	90 ng/L
	4 m–<1 yr	58	<10 ng/L	30 ng/L	<10 ng/L	30 ng/L	58	<10 ng/L	30 ng/L	<10 ng/L	30 ng/L
	1–<19 yrs	411	<10 ng/L	10 ng/L	<10 ng/L	10 ng/L	411	<10 ng/L	10 ng/L	<10 ng/L	10 ng/L
Vitamin B12	0–<1 yr	166	118 pmol/L	>1107 pmol/L	159 pg/mL	>1500 pg/mL	166	118 pmol/L	>1107 pmol/L	159 pg/mL	>1500 pg/mL
	1–<2 yrs	40	197 pmol/L	>1107 pmol/L	267 pg/mL	>1500 pg/mL	40	197 pmol/L	>1107 pmol/L	267 pg/mL	>1500 pg/mL
	2–<8 yrs	158	190 pmol/L	747 pmol/L	258 pg/mL	1013 pg/mL	158	190 pmol/L	747 pmol/L	258 pg/mL	1013 pg/mL
	8–<14 yrs	168	149 pmol/L	772 pmol/L	201 pg/mL	1046 pg/mL	168	149 pmol/L	772 pmol/L	201 pg/mL	1046 pg/mL
	14–<19 yrs	136	132 pmol/L	531 pmol/L	179 pg/mL	719 pg/mL	136	132 pmol/L	531 pmol/L	179 pg/mL	719 pg/mL
Vitamin D (25-(OH)D)	0–<1 yr	154	27.5 nmol/L	159 nmol/L	11.0 ng/mL	63.6 ng/mL	154	27.5 nmol/L	159 nmol/L	11.0 ng/mL	63.6 ng/mL
	1–<12 yrs	265	43.4 nmol/L	121 nmol/L	17.4 ng/mL	48.6 ng/mL	265	43.4 nmol/L	121 nmol/L	17.4 ng/mL	48.6 ng/mL
	12–<19 yrs	173	29.0 nmol/L	105 nmol/L	11.6 ng/mL	42.1 ng/mL	173	29.0 nmol/L	105 nmol/L	11.6 ng/mL	42.1 ng/mL

Reference interval value units are in Stansard International units (SI units) and Convential units (CON units).

Colored partitions indicate sex-specific differences within the age partitions. Refer to the original publication [11] for additional information.

Table 5. Pediatric reference intervals for the Ortho VITROS 5600 – age and sex specific.

		Female reference interval					Male reference interval
			SI units		CON units			SI units		CON units
Analyte	Age	N	LL	UL	LL	UL	N	LL	UL	LL	UL
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT)^a	0–<19 yrs	NA	1.07 g/L	1.81 g/L	107 mg/dL	181 mg/dL	NA	1.07 g/L	1.81 g/L	107 mg/dL	181 mg/dL
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)^b	0–<1 m	68	NA	>520 µg/L	NA	>520 ng/mL	68	NA	>520 µg/L	NA	>520 ng/mL
	1–<6 m	46	4.78 µg/L	>520 µg/L	4.78 ng/mL	>520 ng/mL	46	4.78 µg/L	>520 µg/L	4.78 ng/mL	>520 ng/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	65	0.85 µg/L	82.9 µg/L	0.85 ng/mL	82.9 ng/mL	65	0.85 µg/L	82.9 µg/L	0.85 ng/mL	82.9 ng/mL
	1–<19 yrs	540	0.52 µg/L	5.82 µg/L	0.52 ng/mL	5.82 ng/mL	540	0.52 µg/L	5.82 µg/L	0.52 ng/mL	5.82 ng/mL
Alanine aminotransferase with pyridoxal phosphate (ALT ACT)^a	0–<1 yr	NA	17 U/L	69 U/L	17 U/L	69 U/L	NA	17 U/L	69 U/L	17 U/L	69 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	NA	24 U/L	45 U/L	24 U/L	45 U/L	NA	24 U/L	45 U/L	24 U/L	45 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	NA	20 U/L	38 U/L	20 U/L	38 U/L	NA	22 U/L	49 U/L	22 U/L	49 U/L
Albumin G (bromcresol green)^a	0–<15 d	NA	34 g/L	47 g/L	3.4 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	NA	34 g/L	47 g/L	3.4 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	15–<1 yr	NA	29 g/L	49 g/L	2.9 g/dL	4.9 g/dL	NA	29 g/L	49 g/L	2.9 g/dL	4.9 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	NA	39 g/L	49 g/L	3.9 g/dL	4.9 g/dL	NA	39 g/L	49 g/L	3.9 g/dL	4.9 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	NA	42 g/L	50 g/L	4.2 g/dL	5.0 g/dL	NA	42 g/L	50 g/L	4.2 g/dL	5.0 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	NA	41 g/L	51 g/L	4.1 g/dL	5.1 g/dL	NA	42 g/L	53 g/L	4.2 g/dL	5.3 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)^a	0–<15 d	NA	89 U/L	239 U/L	89 U/L	239 U/L	NA	89 U/L	239 U/L	89 U/L	239 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	125 U/L	440 U/L	125 U/L	440 U/L	NA	125 U/L	440 U/L	125 U/L	440 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	NA	143 U/L	318 U/L	143 U/L	318 U/L	NA	143 U/L	318 U/L	143 U/L	318 U/L
	10–<13 yrs	NA	131 U/L	393 U/L	131 U/L	393 U/L	NA	131 U/L	393 U/L	131 U/L	393 U/L
	13–<15 yrs	NA	66 U/L	245 U/L	66 U/L	245 U/L	NA	119 U/L	440 U/L	119 U/L	440 U/L
	15–<17 yrs	NA	59 U/L	120 U/L	59 U/L	120 U/L	NA	88 U/L	315 U/L	88 U/L	315 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	NA	55 U/L	93 U/L	55 U/L	93 U/L	NA	64 U/L	150 U/L	64 U/L	150 U/L
Amylase^a	0–<15 d	NA	NA	<30 U/L	NA	<30 U/L	NA	NA	<30 U/L	NA	<30 U/L
	15 d–<13 wks	NA	NA	<30 U/L	NA	<30 U/L	NA	NA	<30 U/L	NA	<30 U/L
	13 wks–<1 yr	NA	<30 U/L	46 U/L	<30 U/L	46 U/L	NA	<30 U/L	46 U/L	<30 U/L	46 U/L
	1–<19 yrs	NA	<30 U/L	102 U/L	<30 U/L	102 U/L	NA	<30 U/L	102 U/L	<30 U/L	102 U/L
Antistreptolysin-O (ASO)^a	0–<6 m	NA	NA	<25 IU/mL	NA	<25 IU/mL	NA	NA	<25 IU/mL	NA	<25 IU/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	NA	NA	<25 IU/mL	NA	<25 IU/mL	NA	NA	<25 IU/mL	NA	<25 IU/mL
	1–<6 yrs	NA	<25 IU/mL	140 IU/mL	<25 IU/mL	140 IU/mL	NA	<25 IU/mL	140 IU/mL	<25 IU/mL	140 IU/mL
	6–<19 yrs	NA	<25 IU/mL	527 IU/mL	<25 IU/mL	527 IU/mL	NA	<25 IU/mL	527 IU/mL	<25 IU/mL	527 IU/mL
Apolipoprotein A1^a	0–<15 d	NA	0.69 g/L	0.99 g/L	69 mg/dL	99 mg/dL	NA	0.59 g/L	0.93 g/L	59 mg/dL	93 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	0.49 g/L	1.89 g/L	49 mg/dL	189 mg/dL	NA	0.49 g/L	1.89 g/L	49 mg/dL	189 mg/dL
	1–<14 yrs	NA	0.80 g/L	1.77 g/L	80 mg/dL	177 mg/dL	NA	0.80 g/L	1.77 g/L	80 mg/dL	177 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	NA	0.71 g/L	1.65 g/L	71 mg/dL	165 mg/dL	NA	0.71 g/L	1.65 g/L	71 mg/dL	165 mg/dL
Apolipoprotein B^a	0–<15 d	NA	<0.35 g/L	0.76 g/L	<35 mg/dL	76 mg/dL	NA	<0.35 g/L	0.76 g/L	<35 mg/dL	76 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	<0.35 g/L	1.34 g/L	<35 mg/dL	134 mg/dL	NA	<0.35 g/L	1.34 g/L	<35 mg/dL	134 mg/dL
	1–<6 yrs	NA	0.50 g/L	1.03 g/L	50 mg/dL	103 mg/dL	NA	0.50 g/L	1.03 g/L	50 mg/dL	103 mg/dL
	6–<19 yrs	NA	0.39 g/L	0.94 g/L	39 mg/dL	94 mg/dL	NA	0.39 g/L	0.94 g/L	39 mg/dL	94 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase with pyridoxal phosphate (AST ACT)^a	0–<15 d	NA	29 U/L	213 U/L	29 U/L	213 U/L	NA	29 U/L	213 U/L	29 U/L	213 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	29 U/L	97 U/L	29 U/L	97 U/L	NA	29 U/L	97 U/L	29 U/L	97 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	NA	33 U/L	66 U/L	33 U/L	66 U/L	NA	33 U/L	66 U/L	33 U/L	66 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	NA	28 U/L	50 U/L	28 U/L	50 U/L	NA	28 U/L	50 U/L	28 U/L	50 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	NA	23 U/L	41 U/L	23 U/L	41 U/L	NA	24 U/L	49 U/L	24 U/L	49 U/L
β-Hydroxybutyrate^c	0–<1 yr	91	0 mmol/L	1.73 mmol/L	0 mg/dL	17.8 mg/dL	91	0 mmol/L	1.73 mmol/L	0 mg/dL	17.8 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	219	0 mmol/L	0.12 mmol/L	0 mg/dL	1.24 mg/dL	219	0 mmol/L	0.12 mmol/L	0 mg/dL	1.24 mg/dL
Beta human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG)^b	0–<19 yrs	532	<2.39 IU/L	NA	<2.39 mIU/mL	NA	532	<2.39 IU/L	NA	<2.39 mIU/mL	NA
Calcium^d	0–<1 yrs	NA	2.08 mmol/L	2.64 mmol/L	8.32 mg/dL	10.6 mg/dL	NA	2.08 mmol/L	2.64 mmol/L	8.32 mg/dL	10.6 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	NA	2.22 mmol/L	2.54 mmol/L	8.88 mg/dL	10.2 mg/dL	NA	2.22 mmol/L	2.54 mmol/L	8.88 mg/dL	10.2 mg/dL
Cancer antigen 125 (CA125)^b	0–<6 m	66	<5.5 kIU/L	36.9 kIU/L	<5.5 IU/mL	36.9 IU/mL	66	<5.5 kIU/L	36.9 kIU/L	<5.5 IU/mL	36.9 IU/mL
	6 m–<5 yrs	123	<5.5 kIU/L	30.9 kIU/L	<5.5 IU/mL	30.9 IU/mL	123	<5.5 kIU/L	30.9 kIU/L	<5.5 IU/mL	30.9 IU/mL
	5–<11 yrs	189	<5.5 kIU/L	29.4 kIU/L	<5.5 IU/mL	29.4 IU/mL	189	<5.5 kIU/L	29.4 kIU/L	<5.5 IU/mL	29.4 IU/mL
	11–<19 yrs	147	<5.5 kIU/L	31.9 kIU/L	<5.5 IU/mL	31.9 IU/mL	144	<5.5 kIU/L	19.0 kIU/L	<5.5 IU/mL	19.0 IU/mL
Cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3)^b	0–<19 yrs	658	6.60 kIU/L	29.1 kIU/L	6.60 IU/mL	29.1 IU/mL	658	6.60 kIU/L	29.1 kIU/L	6.60 IU/mL	29.1 IU/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)^b	0–<1 m	76	2.30 µg/L	72.4 µg/L	2.30 ng/mL	72.4 ng/mL	76	2.30 µg/L	72.4 µg/L	2.30 ng/mL	72.4 ng/mL
	1 m–<19 yrs	576	<0.31 µg/L	3.51 µg/L	<0.31 ng/mL	3.51 ng/mL	576	<0.31 µg/L	3.51 µg/L	<0.31 ng/mL	3.51 ng/mL
Cholesterol^a	0–<15 d	NA	<1.29 mmol/L	3.20 mmol/L	<50 mg/dL	124 mg/dL	NA	<1.29 mmol/L	2.80 mmol/L	<50 mg/dL	108 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	1.68 mmol/L	5.99 mmol/L	64.9 mg/dL	231 mg/dL	NA	1.68 mmol/L	5.99 mmol/L	64.9 mg/dL	231 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	NA	2.88 mmol/L	5.29 mmol/L	111 mg/dL	204 mg/dL	NA	2.88 mmol/L	5.29 mmol/L	111 mg/dL	204 mg/dL
Cholinesterase^a	0–<15 d	NA	3542 U/L	7370 U/L	3542 U/L	7370 U/L	NA	3542 U/L	7370 U/L	3542 U/L	7370 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	4092 U/L	11922 U/L	4092 U/L	11922 U/L	NA	4092 U/L	11922 U/L	4092 U/L	11922 U/L
	1–<17 yrs	NA	5960 U/L	11329 U/L	5960 U/L	11329 U/L	NA	5960 U/L	11329 U/L	5960 U/L	11329 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	NA	5773 U/L	8223 U/L	5773 U/L	8223 U/L	NA	6261 U/L	9476 U/L	6261 U/L	9476 U/L
Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)^b	0–<2 wks	54	1.57 µg/L	31.8 µg/L	1.57 ng/mL	31.8 ng/mL	54	1.57 µg/L	31.8 µg/L	1.57 ng/mL	31.8 ng/mL
	2 wks–<2 yrs	61	0.47 µg/L	9.66 µg/L	0.47 ng/mL	9.66 ng/mL	61	0.47 µg/L	9.66 µg/L	0.47 ng/mL	9.66 ng/mL
	2–<10 yrs	218	0.79 µg/L	4.13 µg/L	0.79 ng/mL	4.13 ng/mL	218	0.79 µg/L	4.13 µg/L	0.79 ng/mL	4.13 ng/mL
	10–<19 yrs	165	0.29 µg/L	3.63 µg/L	0.29 ng/mL	3.63 ng/mL	150	0.47 µg/L	3.26 µg/L	0.47 ng/mL	3.26 ng/mL
Complement 3 (C3)^a	0–<15 d	NA	0.60 g/L	1.26 g/L	60 mg/dL	126 mg/dL	NA	0.60 g/L	1.26 g/L	60 mg/dL	126 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	0.61 g/L	1.62 g/L	61 mg/dL	162 mg/dL	NA	0.61 g/L	1.62 g/L	61 mg/dL	162 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	NA	0.90 g/L	1.54 g/L	90 mg/dL	154 mg/dL	NA	0.90 g/L	1.54 g/L	90 mg/dL	154 mg/dL
Complement 4 (C4)^a	0 d–<1 yrs	NA	0.08 g/L	0.34 g/L	8 mg/dL	34 mg/dL	NA	0.08 g/L	0.34 g/L	8 mg/dL	34 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	NA	0.15 g/L	0.42 g/L	15 mg/dL	42 mg/dL	NA	0.15 g/L	0.42 g/L	15 mg/dL	42 mg/dL
Cortisol^b	0–<1 yr	89	13.1 nmol/L	919 nmol/L	0.47 µg/dL	33.3 µg/dL	89	13.1 nmol/L	919 nmol/L	0.47 µg/dL	33.3 µg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	311	41.1 nmol/L	338 nmol/L	1.49 µg/dL	12.3 µg/dL	311	41.1 nmol/L	338 nmol/L	1.49 µg/dL	12.3 µg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	229	80.2 nmol/L	510 nmol/L	2.91 µg/dL	18.5 µg/dL	229	80.2 nmol/L	510 nmol/L	2.91 µg/dL	18.5 µg/dL
C-Reactive protein high sensitivity (CRP)^a	0–<15 d	NA	0.20 mg/L	6.14 mg/L	0.20 mg/L	6.14 mg/L	NA	0.20 mg/L	6.14 mg/L	0.20 mg/L	6.14 mg/L
	15 d–<15 yrs	NA	<0.10 mg/L	0.91 mg/L	<0.10 mg/L	0.91 mg/L	NA	<0.10 mg/L	0.91 mg/L	<0.10 mg/L	0.91 mg/L
	15–<19 yrs	NA	<0.10 mg/L	1.63 mg/L	<0.10 mg/L	1.63 mg/L	NA	<0.10 mg/L	1.63 mg/L	<0.10 mg/L	1.63 mg/L
Creatinine (enzymatic)^a	0–<14 d	NA	27 µmol/L	76 µmol/L	0.31 mg/dL	0.86 mg/dL	NA	27 µmol/L	76 µmol/L	0.31 mg/dL	0.86 mg/dL
	15 d–<2 yrs	NA	8 µmol/L	29 µmol/L	0.09 mg/dL	0.33 mg/dL	NA	8 µmol/L	29 µmol/L	0.09 mg/dL	0.33 mg/dL
	2–<5 yrs	NA	16 µmol/L	35 µmol/L	0.18 mg/dL	0.40 mg/dL	NA	16 µmol/L	35 µmol/L	0.18 mg/dL	0.40 mg/dL
	5–<12 yrs	NA	25 µmol/L	50 µmol/L	0.28 mg/dL	0.57 mg/dL	NA	25 µmol/L	50 µmol/L	0.28 mg/dL	0.57 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	NA	37 µmol/L	67 µmol/L	0.42 mg/dL	0.76 mg/dL	NA	37 µmol/L	67 µmol/L	0.42 mg/dL	0.76 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	NA	40 µmol/L	69 µmol/L	0.45 mg/dL	0.78 mg/dL	NA	51 µmol/L	89 µmol/L	0.58 mg/dL	1.01 mg/dL
Estradiol^b	0–<1 m	68	162 pmol/L	1382 pmol/L	44.2 pg/mL	376 pg/mL	68	162 pmol/L	1382 pmol/L	44.2 pg/mL	376 pg/mL
	1 m–<6 yrs	196	<23.4 pmol/L	177 pmol/L	<6.36 pg/mL	48.2 pg/mL	196	<23.4 pmol/L	177 pmol/L	<6.36 pg/mL	48.2 pg/mL
	6–<11 yrs	144	<23.4 pmol/L	67.9 pmol/L	<6.36 pg/mL	18.5 pg/mL	144	<23.4 pmol/L	67.9 pmol/L	<6.36 pg/mL	18.5 pg/mL
	11–<15 yrs	86	68.4 pmol/L	344 pmol/L	18.6 pg/mL	93.6 pg/mL	105	25.4 pmol/L	145 pmol/L	6.92 pg/mL	39.6 pg/mL
	15–<19 yrs	85	44.9 pmol/L	663 pmol/L	12.2 pg/mL	181 pg/mL	88	48.3 pmol/L	144 pmol/L	13.2 pg/mL	39.2 pg/mL
Ferritin^b	0–<2 wks	46	69.3 µg/L	527 µg/L	69.3 ng/mL	527 ng/mL	46	69.3 µg/L	527 µg/L	69.3 ng/mL	527 ng/mL
	2 wks –<13 yrs	382	9.51 µg/L	75.6 µg/L	9.51 ng/mL	75.6 ng/mL	382	9.51 µg/L	75.6 µg/L	9.51 ng/mL	75.6 ng/mL
	13–<19 yrs	92	8.28 µg/L	70.0 µg/L	8.28 ng/mL	70.0 ng/mL	105	12.5 µg/L	114 µg/L	12.5 ng/mL	114 ng/mL
Serum folate^b	0–<13 yrs	338	22.8 nmol/L	>45.3 nmol/L	10.1 ng/mL	>20.0 ng/mL	338	22.8 nmol/L	>45.3 nmol/L	10.1 ng/mL	>20.0 ng/mL
	13–<19 yrs	156	17.7 nmol/L	>45.3 nmol/L	7.80 ng/mL	>20.0 ng/mL	156	17.7 nmol/L	>45.3 nmol/L	7.80 ng/mL	>20.0 ng/mL
Follice-stimulating hormone (FSH)^b	0–<1 yr	64	<0.66 IU/L	12.3 IU/L	<0.66 mIU/mL	12.3 mIU/mL	44	<0.66 IU/L	2.12 IU/L	<0.66 mIU/mL	2.12 mIU/mL
	1–<9 yrs	97	<0.66 IU/L	3.01 IU/L	<0.66 mIU/mL	3.01 mIU/mL	127	<0.66 IU/L	3.26 IU/L	<0.66 mIU/mL	3.26 mIU/mL
	9–<12 yrs	85	<0.66 IU/L	11.4 IU/L	<0.66 mIU/mL	11.4 mIU/mL	87	<0.66 IU/L	4.47 IU/L	<0.66 mIU/mL	4.47 mIU/mL
	12–<19 yrs	142	1.16 IU/L	7.23 IU/L	1.16 mIU/mL	7.23 mIU/mL	134	1.06 IU/L	7.22 IU/L	1.06 mIU/mL	7.22 mIU/mL
Free fatty acids^c	0–<1 yr	88	0.13 mmol/L	1.60 mmol/L	0.13 mEq/L	1.60 mEq/L	88	0.13 mmol/L	1.60 mmol/L	0.13 mEq/L	1.60 mEq/L
	1–<19 yrs	235	0.10 mmol/L	0.77 mmol/L	0.10 mEq/L	0.77 mEq/L	235	0.10 mmol/L	0.77 mmol/L	0.10 mEq/L	0.77 mEq/L
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)^a	0–<15 d	NA	19 U/L	196 U/L	19 U/L	196 U/L	NA	19 U/L	196 U/L	19 U/L	196 U/L
	15–<1 yr	NA	<10 U/L	113 U/L	<10 U/L	113 U/L	NA	<10 U/L	113 U/L	<10 U/L	113 U/L
	1–<11 yrs	NA	<10 U/L	13 U/L	<10 U/L	13 U/L	NA	<10 U/L	13 U/L	<10 U/L	13 U/L
	11–<19 yrs	NA	<10 U/L	17 U/L	<10 U/L	17 U/L	NA	<10 U/L	17 U/L	<10 U/L	17 U/L
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)^a	0–<15 d	NA	0.38 mmol/L	1.03 mmol/L	14.7 mg/dL	39.8 mg/dL	NA	0.38 mmol/L	1.03 mmol/L	14.7 mg/dL	39.8 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	0.28 mmol/L	1.78 mmol/L	10.8 mg/dL	68.7 mg/dL	NA	0.28 mmol/L	1.78 mmol/L	10.8 mg/dL	68.7 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	NA	0.80 mmol/L	1.56 mmol/L	30.9 mg/dL	60.2 mg/dL	NA	0.80 mmol/L	1.56 mmol/L	30.9 mg/dL	60.2 mg/dL
	4–<13 yrs	NA	0.88 mmol/L	1.81 mmol/L	34.0 mg/dL	69.9 mg/dL	NA	0.88 mmol/L	1.81 mmol/L	34.0 mg/dL	69.9 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	NA	0.79 mmol/L	1.79 mmol/L	30.5 mg/dL	69.1 mg/dL	NA	0.78 mmol/L	1.70 mmol/L	30.1 mg/dL	65.6 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)^a	0 d–<1 yr	NA	NA	<0.4 g/L	NA	<40 mg/dL	NA	NA	<0.4 g/L	NA	<40 mg/dL
	1–<3 yrs	NA	<0.4 g/L	0.9 g/L	<40 mg/dL	94 mg/dL	NA	<0.4 g/L	0.9 g/L	<40 mg/dL	94 mg/dL
	3–<6 yrs	NA	<0.4 g/L	1.7 g/L	<40 mg/dL	168 mg/dL	NA	<0.4 g/L	1.7 g/L	<40 mg/dL	168 mg/dL
	6–<14 yrs	NA	0.4 g/L	2.6 g/L	44 mg/dL	255 mg/dL	NA	0.4 g/L	2.6 g/L	44 mg/dL	255 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	NA	0.4 g/L	3.4 g/L	44 mg/dL	343 mg/dL	NA	0.4 g/L	3.4 g/L	44 mg/dL	343 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)^a	0–<15 d	NA	3.3 g/L	15.3 g/L	334 mg/dL	1530 mg/dL	NA	3.3 g/L	15.3 g/L	334 mg/dL	1530 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	<2.7 g/L	7.6 g/L	<270 mg/dL	755 mg/dL	NA	<2.7 g/L	7.6 g/L	<270 mg/dL	755 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	NA	3.3 g/L	12.5 g/L	334 mg/dL	1250 mg/dL	NA	3.3 g/L	12.5 g/L	334 mg/dL	1250 mg/dL
	4–<10 yrs	NA	5.8 g/L	14.9 g/L	578 mg/dL	1490 mg/dL	NA	5.8 g/L	14.9 g/L	578 mg/dL	1490 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	NA	7.1 g/L	16.8 g/L	711 mg/dL	1680 mg/dL	NA	7.1 g/L	16.8 g/L	711 mg/dL	1680 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)^a	0–<15 d	NA	<0.25 g/L	0.48 g/L	<25 mg/dL	48 mg/dL	NA	<0.25 g/L	0.48 g/L	<25 mg/dL	48 mg/dL
	15 d–<13 wks	NA	<0.25 g/L	0.79 g/L	<25 mg/dL	79 mg/dL	NA	<0.25 g/L	0.79 g/L	<25 mg/dL	79 mg/dL
	13 wks–<1 yr	NA	0.27 g/L	1.00 g/L	27 mg/dL	100 mg/dL	NA	0.27 g/L	1.00 g/L	27 mg/dL	100 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	NA	0.58 g/L	2.04 g/L	58 mg/dL	204 mg/dL	NA	0.48 g/L	1.62 g/L	48 mg/dL	162 mg/dL
Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH)^b	0–<2 wks	45	0.57 pmol/L	11.5 pmol/L	5.38 pg/mL	108 pg/mL	45	0.57 pmol/L	11.5 pmol/L	5.38 pg/mL	108 pg/mL
	2 wks–<9 yrs	203	1.23 pmol/L	7.14 pmol/L	11.6 pg/mL	67.3 pg/mL	203	1.23 pmol/L	7.14 pmol/L	11.6 pg/mL	67.3 pg/mL
	9–<15 yrs	269	1.90 pmol/L	12.9 pmol/L	17.9 pg/mL	122 pg/mL	269	1.90 pmol/L	12.9 pmol/L	17.9 pg/mL	122 pg/mL
	15–<19 yrs	84	1.44 pmol/L	6.67 pmol/L	13.6 pg/mL	62.9 pg/mL	82	1.66 pmol/L	8.41 pmol/L	15.7 pg/mL	79.3 pg/mL
Iron^a	0–<14 yrs	NA	4.8 µmol/L	25.3 µmol/L	26.8 µg/dL	141 µg/dL	NA	4.8 µmol/L	25.3 µmol/L	26.8 µg/dL	141 µg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	NA	5.5 µmol/L	31.5 µmol/L	30.7 µg/dL	176 µg/dL	NA	7.5 µmol/L	32.6 µmol/L	41.9 µg/dL	182 µg/dL
Lipase^a	0–<19 yrs	NA	<10 U/L	148 U/L	<10 U/L	148 U/L	NA	<10 U/L	148 U/L	<10 U/L	148 U/L
Luteinizing hormone (LH)^b	0–<6 m	62	<0.216 IU/L	8.17 IU/L	<0.216 mIU/mL	8.17 mIU/mL	62	<0.216 IU/L	8.17 IU/L	<0.216 mIU/mL	8.17 mIU/mL
	6 m–<11 yrs	319	<0.216 IU/L	NA	<0.216 mIU/mL	NA	319	<0.216 IU/L	NA	<0.216 mIU/mL	NA
	11–<13 yrs	84	<0.216 IU/L	6.53 IU/L	<0.216 mIU/mL	6.53 mIU/mL	82	<0.216 IU/L	2.69 IU/L	<0.216 mIU/mL	2.69 mIU/mL
	13–<16 yrs	81	0.31 IU/L	14.3 IU/L	0.31 mIU/mL	14.3 mIU/mL	91	0.22 IU/L	5.76 IU/L	0.22 mIU/mL	5.76 mIU/mL
	16–<19 yrs	85	0.22 IU/L	29.1 IU/L	0.22 mIU/mL	29.1 mIU/mL	87	0.71 IU/L	7.20 IU/L	0.71 mIU/mL	7.20 mIU/mL
Myoglobin^b	0–<2 wks	52	13.9 µg/L	234 µg/L	13.9 ng/mL	234 ng/mL	52	13.9 µg/L	234 µg/L	13.9 ng/mL	234 ng/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	56	7.29 µg/L	60.9 µg/L	7.29 ng/mL	60.9 ng/mL	56	7.29 µg/L	60.9 µg/L	7.29 ng/mL	60.9 ng/mL
	1–<13 yrs	326	15.1 µg/L	50.3 µg/L	15.1 ng/mL	50.3 ng/mL	326	15.1 µg/L	50.3 µg/L	15.1 ng/mL	50.3 ng/mL
	13–<19 yrs	100	11.7 µg/L	47.3 µg/L	11.7 ng/mL	47.3 ng/mL	114	16.7 µg/L	206 µg/L	16.7 ng/mL	206 ng/mL
Phosphate^a	0–<15 d	NA	1.89 mmol/L	3.53 mmol/L	5.85 mg/dL	10.9 mg/dL	NA	1.89 mmol/L	3.53 mmol/L	5.85 mg/dL	10.9 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	1.63 mmol/L	2.83 mmol/L	5.05 mg/dL	8.76 mg/dL	NA	1.63 mmol/L	2.83 mmol/L	5.05 mg/dL	8.76 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	NA	1.46 mmol/L	2.29 mmol/L	4.52 mg/dL	7.09 mg/dL	NA	1.46 mmol/L	2.29 mmol/L	4.52 mg/dL	7.09 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	NA	1.41 mmol/L	2.02 mmol/L	4.37 mg/dL	6.25 mg/dL	NA	1.41 mmol/L	2.02 mmol/L	4.37 mg/dL	6.25 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	NA	1.10 mmol/L	1.88 mmol/L	3.41 mg/dL	5.82 mg/dL	NA	1.22 mmol/L	2.09 mmol/L	3.78 mg/dL	6.47 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	NA	1.03 mmol/L	1.71 mmol/L	3.19 mg/dL	5.29 mg/dL	NA	1.03 mmol/L	1.71 mmol/L	3.19 mg/dL	5.29 mg/dL
Prealbumin^a	0–<15 d	NA	<0.03 g/L	0.13 g/L	<3 mg/dL	13 mg/dL	NA	<0.03 g/L	0.13 g/L	<3 mg/dL	13 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	0.05 g/L	0.26 g/L	5 mg/dL	26 mg/dL	NA	0.05 g/L	0.26 g/L	5 mg/dL	26 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	NA	0.13 g/L	0.25 g/L	13 mg/dL	25 mg/dL	NA	0.13 g/L	0.25 g/L	13 mg/dL	25 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	NA	0.15 g/L	0.28 g/L	15 mg/dL	28 mg/dL	NA	0.15 g/L	0.28 g/L	15 mg/dL	28 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	NA	0.19 g/L	0.34 g/L	19 mg/dL	34 mg/dL	NA	0.19 g/L	0.34 g/L	19 mg/dL	34 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	NA	0.18 g/L	0.36 g/L	18 mg/dL	36 mg/dL	NA	0.22 g/L	0.38 g/L	22 mg/dL	38 mg/dL
Progesterone^b	0–<2 wks	60	7.90 nmol/L	>178 nmol/L	2.50 ng/mL	>56 ng/mL	60	7.90 nmol/L	>178 nmol/L	2.50 ng/mL	>56 ng/mL
	2 wks–<11 yrs	312	0.49 nmol/L	12.0 nmol/L	0.15 ng/mL	3.80 ng/mL	312	0.49 nmol/L	12.0 nmol/L	0.15 ng/mL	3.80 ng/mL
	11–<15 yrs	138	1.10 nmol/L	13.0 nmol/L	0.35 ng/mL	4.90 ng/mL	138	1.10 nmol/L	13.0 nmol/L	0.35 ng/mL	4.20 ng/mL
	15–<19 yrs	79	2.30 nmol/L	31.0 nmol/L	0.73 ng/mL	9.80 ng/mL	155	2.70 nmol/L	27.0 nmol/L	0.87 ng/mL	2.90 ng/mL
Prolactin^b	0–<2 wks	76	20.2 µg/L	>329 µg/L	20.2 ng/mL	>329 ng/mL	76	20.2 µg/L	>329 µg/L	20.2 ng/mL	>329 ng/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	552	6.02 µg/L	33.0 µg/L	6.02 ng/mL	33.0 ng/mL	552	6.02 µg/L	33.0 µg/L	6.02 ng/mL	33.0 ng/mL
Prostate-specific antigen, free (fPSA)^b	0–<12 yrs	420	<0.015 µg/L	0.052 µg/L	<0.015 ng/mL	0.052 ng/mL	420	<0.015 µg/L	0.052 µg/L	<0.015 ng/mL	0.052 ng/mL
	12–<15 yrs	63	<0.015 µg/L	0.054 µg/L	<0.015 ng/mL	0.054 ng/mL	62	<0.015 µg/L	0.349 µg/L	<0.015 ng/mL	0.349 ng/mL
	15–<19 yrs	61	<0.015 µg/L	0.214 µg/L	<0.015 ng/mL	0.214 ng/mL	70	0.076 µg/L	0.519 µg/L	0.076 ng/mL	0.519 ng/mL
Prostate-specific antigen, total (tPSA)^b	0–<12 yrs	376	<0.01 µg/L	NA	<0.01 ng/mL	NA	376	<0.01 µg/L	NA	<0.01 ng/mL	NA
	12–<15 yrs	51	<0.01 µg/L	NA	<0.01 ng/mL	NA	61	<0.01 µg/L	0.502 µg/L	<0.01 ng/mL	0.502 ng/mL
	15–<19 yrs	65	<0.01 µg/L	0.388 µg/L	<0.01 ng/mL	0.388 ng/mL	69	0.0148 µg/L	1.28 µg/L	0.0148 ng/mL	1.28 ng/mL
Rubella IgG^b	0–<19 yrs	530	10.7 kIU/L	>350 kIU/L	10.7 IU/mL	>350 IU/mL	530	10.7 kIU/L	>350 kIU/L	10.7 IU/mL	>350 IU/mL
Testosterone^b	0–<6 m	55	0.192 nmol/L	13.9 nmol/L	5.54 ng/dL	401 ng/dL	68	0.279 nmol/L	22.3 nmol/L	8.05 ng/dL	642 ng/dL
	6 m–<12 yrs	388	<0.170 nmol/L	1.60 nmol/L	<4.90 ng/dL	46.1 ng/dL	388	<0.170 nmol/L	1.60 nmol/L	<4.90 ng/dL	46.1 ng/dL
	12–<19 yrs	153	0.530 nmol/L	2.21 nmol/L	15.3 ng/dL	63.7 ng/dL
	12–<15 yrs						86	0.359 nmol/L	24.9 nmol/L	10.4 ng/dL	717 ng/dL
	15–<19 yrs						83	4.07 nmol/L	27.1 nmol/L	117 ng/dL	782 ng/dL
Thyroid uptake^b	0–<6 m	77	26.9 %	46.1 %	26.9 %	46.1 %	77	26.9 %	46.1 %	26.9 %	46.1 %
	6 m–<2 yrs	50	26.2 %	44.0 %	26.2 %	44.0 %	50	26.2 %	44.0 %	26.2 %	44.0 %
	2–<15 yrs	433	30.4 %	40.3 %	30.4 %	40.3 %	433	30.4 %	40.3 %	30.4 %	40.3 %
	15–<19 yrs	63	24.1 %	41.8 %	24.1 %	41.8 %	67	32.1 %	41.9 %	32.1 %	41.9 %
Total protein^a	0–<15 d	NA	54 g/L	85 g/L	5.41 g/dL	8.49 g/dL	NA	54 g/L	85 g/L	5.41 g/dL	8.49 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	45 g/L	73 g/L	4.49 g/dL	7.26 g/dL	NA	45 g/L	73 g/L	4.49 g/dL	7.26 g/dL
	1–<6 yrs	NA	62 g/L	77 g/L	6.23 g/dL	7.67 g/dL	NA	62 g/L	77 g/L	6.23 g/dL	7.67 g/dL
	6–<9 yrs	NA	65 g/L	79 g/L	6.54 g/dL	7.87 g/dL	NA	65 g/L	79 g/L	6.54 g/dL	7.87 g/dL
	9–<19 yrs	NA	66 g/L	83 g/L	6.64 g/dL	8.28 g/dL	NA	66 g/L	83 g/L	6.64 g/dL	8.28 g/dL
Transferrin^a	0–<9 wks	NA	1.16 g/L	2.42 g/L	116 mg/dL	242 mg/dL	NA	1.16 g/L	2.42 g/L	116 mg/dL	242 mg/dL
	9 wks–<1 yr	NA	1.19 g/L	3.47 g/L	119 mg/dL	347 mg/dL	NA	1.19 g/L	3.47 g/L	119 mg/dL	347 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	NA	2.38 g/L	3.60 g/L	238 mg/dL	360 mg/dL	NA	2.38 g/L	3.60 g/L	238 mg/dL	360 mg/dL
Triglycerides^a	0–<15 d	NA	0.99 mmol/L	3.21 mmol/L	87.6 mg/dL	284 mg/dL	NA	0.99 mmol/L	3.21 mmol/L	87.6 mg/dL	284 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	0.62 mmol/L	3.20 mmol/L	54.9 mg/dL	283 mg/dL	NA	0.62 mmol/L	3.20 mmol/L	54.9 mg/dL	283 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	NA	0.51 mmol/L	2.43 mmol/L	45.1 mg/dL	215 mg/dL	NA	0.51 mmol/L	2.43 mmol/L	45.1 mg/dL	215 mg/dL
Troponin I^b	0–<2 wks	41	<0.012 µg/L	0.154 µg/L	<0.012 ng/mL	0.154 ng/mL	41	<0.012 µg/L	0.154 µg/L	<0.012 ng/mL	0.154 ng/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	511	<0.012 µg/L	NA	<0.012 ng/mL	NA	511	<0.012 µg/L	NA	<0.012 ng/mL	NA
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)^b	0–<1 wk	51	1.05 mIU/L	36.1 mIU/L	1.05 µIU/mL	36.1 µIU/mL	51	1.05 mIU/L	36.1 mIU/L	1.05 µIU/mL	36.1 µIU/mL
	1 wk–<19 yrs	600	0.860 mIU/L	5.7 mIU/L	0.860 µIU/mL	5.70 µIU/mL	600	0.860 mIU/L	5.7 mIU/L	0.860 µIU/mL	5.70 µIU/mL
Thyroxine, free (FT4)^b	0–<2 wks	60	12.4 pmol/L	72.4 pmol/L	0.97 ng/dL	5.63 ng/dL	60	12.4 pmol/L	72.4 pmol/L	0.97 ng/dL	5.63 ng/dL
	2 wks–<5 yrs	136	11.4 pmol/L	29.2 pmol/L	0.89 ng/dL	2.27 ng/dL	136	11.4 pmol/L	29.2 pmol/L	0.89 ng/dL	2.27 ng/dL
	5–<19 yrs	434	9.7 pmol/L	17.1 pmol/L	0.76 ng/dL	1.33 ng/dL	434	9.7 pmol/L	17.1 pmol/L	0.76 ng/dL	1.33 ng/dL
Thyroxine, total (TT4)^b	0–<2 wks	47	40.6 nmol/L	318 nmol/L	3.15 µg/dL	24.7 µg/dL	47	40.6 nmol/L	318 nmol/L	3.15 µg/dL	24.7 µg/dL
	2 wks–<4 yrs	129	88.4 nmol/L	240 nmol/L	6.87 µg/dL	18.7 µg/dL	129	88.4 nmol/L	240 nmol/L	6.87 µg/dL	18.7 µg/dL
	4–<15 yrs	370	79.2 nmol/L	139 nmol/L	6.15 µg/dL	10.8 µg/dL	370	79.2 nmol/L	139 nmol/L	6.15 µg/dL	10.8 µg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	62	76.7 nmol/L	199 nmol/L	5.96 µg/dL	15.5 µg/dL	63	73.9 nmol/L	120 nmol/L	5.74 µg/dL	9.30 µg/dL
Triiodothyronine, free (FT3)^b	0–<2 wks	59	4.67 pmol/L	19.1 pmol/L	3.04 pg/mL	12.4 pg/mL	59	4.67 pmol/L	19.1 pmol/L	3.04 pg/mL	12.4 pg/mL
	2 wks–<4 yrs	124	5.36 pmol/L	11.4 pmol/L	3.49 pg/mL	7.42 pg/mL	124	5.36 pmol/L	11.4 pmol/L	3.49 pg/mL	7.42 pg/mL
	4–<13 yrs	279	6.67 pmol/L	10.7 pmol/L	4.34 pg/mL	6.97 pg/mL	279	6.67 pmol/L	10.7 pmol/L	4.34 pg/mL	6.97 pg/mL
	13–<19 yrs	98	5.69 pmol/L	9.32 pmol/L	3.70 pg/mL	6.07 pg/mL	111	6.34 pmol/L	10.3 pmol/L	4.13 pg/mL	6.72 pg/mL
Triiodothyronine, total (TT3)^b	0–<2 wks	77	0.483 nmol/L	4.62 nmol/L	0.310 ng/mL	3.01 ng/mL	77	0.483 nmol/L	4.62 nmol/L	0.310 ng/mL	3.01 ng/mL
	2 wks–<10 yrs	294	2.14 nmol/L	4.62 nmol/L	1.39 ng/mL	3.01 ng/mL	294	2.14 nmol/L	4.62 nmol/L	1.39 ng/mL	3.01 ng/mL
	10–<19 yrs	164	1.72 nmol/L	3.19 nmol/L	1.12 ng/mL	2.08 ng/mL	151	1.95 nmol/L	5.20 nmol/L	1.27 ng/mL	3.39 ng/mL
Vitamin B12^b	0–<1 yr	80	136 pmol/L	>738 pmol/L	184 pg/mL	>1000 pg/mL	80	136 pmol/L	>738 pmol/L	184 pg/mL	>1000 pg/mL
	1–<12 yrs	281	239 pmol/L	>738 pmol/L	324 pg/mL	>1000 pg/mL	281	239 pmol/L	>738 pmol/L	324 pg/mL	>1000 pg/mL
	12–<19 yrs	214	175 pmol/L	673 pmol/L	237 pg/mL	912 pg/mL	214	175 pmol/L	673 pmol/L	237 pg/mL	912 pg/mL
Vitamin D^b	0–<19 yrs	598	34.8 nmol/L	126 nmol/L	13.9 ng/mL	50.4 ng/mL	598	34.8 nmol/L	126 nmol/L	13.9 ng/mL	50.4 ng/mL
Urea^a	0–<15 d	NA	1.2 mmol/L	8.4 mmol/L	3.36 mg/dL	23.5 mg/dL	NA	1.2 mmol/L	8.4 mmol/L	3.36 mg/dL	23.5 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	1.4 mmol/L	6.2 mmol/L	3.92 mg/dL	17.4 mg/dL	NA	1.4 mmol/L	6.2 mmol/L	3.92 mg/dL	17.4 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	NA	3.4 mmol/L	8.1 mmol/L	9.52 mg/dL	22.7 mg/dL	NA	3.4 mmol/L	8.1 mmol/L	9.52 mg/dL	22.7 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	NA	2.8 mmol/L	7.0 mmol/L	7.84 mg/dL	19.6 mg/dL	NA	2.8 mmol/L	7.7 mmol/L	7.84 mg/dL	21.6 mg/dL
Uric acid^a	0–<15 d	NA	168 µmol/L	751 µmol/L	2.82 mg/dL	12.6 mg/dL	NA	168 µmol/L	751 µmol/L	2.82 mg/dL	12.6 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	99 µmol/L	377 µmol/L	1.66 mg/dL	6.33 mg/dL	NA	99 µmol/L	377 µmol/L	1.66 mg/dL	6.33 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	NA	111 µmol/L	291 µmol/L	1.86 mg/dL	4.89 mg/dL	NA	111 µmol/L	291 µmol/L	1.86 mg/dL	4.89 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	NA	157 µmol/L	350 µmol/L	2.64 mg/dL	5.88 mg/dL	NA	160 µmol/L	453 µmol/L	2.69 mg/dL	7.61 mg/dL

Reference interval value units are in Standard International units (SI units) and Conventional units (CON units).

Colored partitions indicate sex-specific differences within the age partitions.

^a Refer to the original publication (Higgins et al.; manuscript submitted for publication) for additional information.

^b Refer to the original publication [18] for additional information.

^c Refer to the original publication [16] for additional information.

^d Refer to the original publication [29] for additional information.

For analytes with sample size “NA”, approximately 200 patient samples were run on the Ortho Vitros to transfer reference intervals from the Abbott Architect.

Table 6. Pediatric reference intervals for the Roche cobas 6000 – age and sex specific.

		Female reference interval				Male reference interval
		SI units		CON units		SI units		CON units
Analyte	Age	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)^a^,^c	0–<1 yr	0 U/L	25 U/L	0 U/L	25 U/L	0 U/L	25 U/L	0 U/L	25 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	0 U/L	19 U/L	0 U/L	19 U/L	0 U/L	19 U/L	0 U/L	19 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	0 U/L	17 U/L	0 U/L	17 U/L	0 U/L	18 U/L	0 U/L	18 U/L
Albumin P (bromcresol purple)^b	0–<15 d	34 g/L	47 g/L	3.4 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	34 g/L	47 g/L	3.4 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	30 g/L	53 g/L	3.0 g/dL	5.3 g/dL	30 g/L	53 g/L	3.0 g/dL	5.3 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	41 g/L	52 g/L	4.1 g/dL	5.2 g/dL	41 g/L	52 g/L	4.1 g/dL	5.2 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	43 g/L	54 g/L	4.3 g/dL	5.4 g/dL	43 g/L	54 g/L	4.3 g/dL	5.4 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	41 g/L	56 g/L	4.1 g/dL	5.6 g/dL	44 g/L	57 g/L	4.4 g/dL	5.7 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)^a	0–<15 d	83 U/L	248 U/L	83 U/L	248 U/L	83 U/L	248 U/L	83 U/L	248 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	122 U/L	469 U/L	122 U/L	469 U/L	122 U/L	469 U/L	122 U/L	469 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	142 U/L	335 U/L	142 U/L	335 U/L	142 U/L	335 U/L	142 U/L	335 U/L
	10–<13 yrs	129 U/L	417 U/L	129 U/L	417 U/L	129 U/L	417 U/L	129 U/L	417 U/L
	13–<15 yrs	57 U/L	254 U/L	57 U/L	254 U/L	116 U/L	468 U/L	116 U/L	468 U/L
	15–<17 yrs	50 U/L	117 U/L	50 U/L	117 U/L	82 U/L	331 U/L	82 U/L	331 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	45 U/L	87 U/L	45 U/L	87 U/L	55 U/L	149 U/L	55 U/L	149 U/L
Amylase^b	0–<15 d	3 U/L	11 U/L	3 U/L	11 U/L	3 U/L	11 U/L	3 U/L	11 U/L
	15 d–<13 wks	0 U/L	26 U/L	0 U/L	26 U/L	0 U/L	26 U/L	0 U/L	26 U/L
	13 wks–<1 yr	3 U/L	58 U/L	3 U/L	58 U/L	3 U/L	58 U/L	3 U/L	58 U/L
	1–<19 yrs	29 U/L	118 U/L	29 U/L	118 U/L	29 U/L	118 U/L	29 U/L	118 U/L
Antistreptolysin-O (ASO)^b^,^c	0–<6 m	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL
	1–<6 yrs	0 IU/mL	147 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	147 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	147 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	147 IU/mL
	6–<19 yrs	0 IU/mL	535 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	535 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	535 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	535 IU/mL
Apolipoprotein B^b^,^c	0–<15 d	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	6 mg/dL	67 mg/dL	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	6 mg/dL	67 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.2 g/L	1.3 g/L	17 mg/dL	125 mg/dL	0.2 g/L	1.3 g/L	17 mg/dL	125 mg/dL
	1–<6 yrs	0.4 g/L	0.9 g/L	40 mg/dL	94 mg/dL	0.4 g/L	0.9 g/L	40 mg/dL	94 mg/dL
	6–<19 yrs	0.3 g/L	0.9 g/L	29 mg/dL	85 mg/dL	0.3 g/L	0.9 g/L	29 mg/dL	85 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)^a	0–<15 d	0 U/L	155 U/L	0 U/L	155 U/L	0 U/L	155 U/L	0 U/L	155 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	0 U/L	63 U/L	0 U/L	63 U/L	0 U/L	63 U/L	0 U/L	63 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	0 U/L	41 U/L	0 U/L	41 U/L	0 U/L	41 U/L	0 U/L	41 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	0 U/L	33 U/L	0 U/L	33 U/L	0 U/L	33 U/L	0 U/L	33 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	0 U/L	23 U/L	0 U/L	23 U/L	0 U/L	32 U/L	0 U/L	32 U/L
Bilirubin, direct^b	0–<15 d	4.3 µmol/L	9.4 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL	4.3 µmol/L	9.4 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.0 µmol/L	3.9 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	3.9 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	0.0 µmol/L	2.4 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	2.4 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL
	9–<13 yrs	0.0 µmol/L	3.7 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	3.7 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.0 µmol/L	5.1 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL	1.2 µmol/L	5.4 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL
Bilirubin, total^a	0–<15 d	0 µmol/L	250 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	14.6 mg/dL	0 µmol/L	250 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	14.6 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0 µmol/L	10 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	0 µmol/L	10 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	0 µmol/L	5 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL	0 µmol/L	5 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL
	9–<12 yrs	0 µmol/L	8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL	0 µmol/L	8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	0 µmol/L	10 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	0 µmol/L	10 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	0 µmol/L	12 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	0 µmol/L	12 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL
Calcium^a^,^c	0–<1 yr	2.16 mmol/L	2.74 mmol/L	8.6 mg/dL	11.0 mg/dL	2.16 mmol/L	2.74 mmol/L	8.6 mg/dL	11.0 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.31 mmol/L	2.64 mmol/L	9.3 mg/dL	10.6 mg/dL	2.31 mmol/L	2.64 mmol/L	9.3 mg/dL	10.6 mg/dL
Cholesterol^a	0–<15 d	1.25 mmol/L	3.24 mmol/L	48 mg/dL	125 mg/dL	1.15 mmol/L	2.83 mmol/L	45 mg/dL	109 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.70 mmol/L	6.07 mmol/L	66 mg/dL	234 mg/dL	1.70 mmol/L	6.07 mmol/L	66 mg/dL	234 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.91 mmol/L	5.36 mmol/L	112 mg/dL	207 mg/dL	2.91 mmol/L	5.36 mmol/L	112 mg/dL	207 mg/dL
Complement component 3 (C3)^b	0–<15 d	0.57 g/L	1.29 g/L	57 mg/dL	129 mg/dL	0.57 g/L	1.29 g/L	57 mg/dL	129 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.58 g/L	1.69 g/L	58 mg/dL	169 mg/dL	0.58 g/L	1.69 g/L	58 mg/dL	169 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.90 g/L	1.61 g/L	90 mg/dL	161 mg/dL	0.90 g/L	1.61 g/L	90 mg/dL	161 mg/dL
Complement component 4 (C4)^b	0 d–<1 yrs	0.07 g/L	0.31 g/L	7 mg/dL	31 mg/dL	0.07 g/L	0.31 g/L	7 mg/dL	31 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.13 g/L	0.38 g/L	13 mg/dL	38 mg/dL	0.13 g/L	0.38 g/L	13 mg/dL	38 mg/dL
C-Reactive protein high sensitivity (CRP)^b^,^c	0–<15 d	0.6 mg/L	6.1 mg/L	0.6 mg/L	6.1 mg/L	0.6 mg/L	6.1 mg/L	0.6 mg/L	6.1 mg/L
	15 d–<15 yrs	0.4 mg/L	1.3 mg/L	0.4 mg/L	1.3 mg/L	0.4 mg/L	1.3 mg/L	0.4 mg/L	1.3 mg/L
	15–<19 yrs	0.4 mg/L	2.0 mg/L	0.4 mg/L	2.0 mg/L	0.4 mg/L	2.0 mg/L	0.4 mg/L	2.0 mg/L
Creatinine, enzymatic^b^,^c	0–<15 d	35 µmol/L	86 µmol/L	0 mg/dL	1 mg/dL	35 µmol/L	86 µmol/L	0 mg/dL	1 mg/dL
	15 d–<2 yrs	15 µmol/L	38 µmol/L	0 mg/dL	0 mg/dL	15 µmol/L	38 µmol/L	0 mg/dL	0 mg/dL
	2–<5 yrs	24 µmol/L	43 µmol/L	0 mg/dL	1 mg/dL	24 µmol/L	43 µmol/L	0 mg/dL	1 mg/dL
	5–<12 yrs	33 µmol/L	59 µmol/L	0 mg/dL	1 mg/dL	33 µmol/L	59 µmol/L	0 mg/dL	1 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	45 µmol/L	77 µmol/L	1 mg/dL	1 mg/dL	45 µmol/L	77 µmol/L	1 mg/dL	1 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	48 µmol/L	79 µmol/L	1 mg/dL	1 mg/dL	60 µmol/L	100 µmol/L	1 mg/dL	1 mg/dL
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)^b^,^c	0–<15 d	17 U/L	175 U/L	17 U/L	175 U/L	17 U/L	175 U/L	17 U/L	175 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	5 U/L	101 U/L	5 U/L	101 U/L	5 U/L	101 U/L	5 U/L	101 U/L
	1–<11 yrs	4 U/L	12 U/L	4 U/L	12 U/L	4 U/L	12 U/L	4 U/L	12 U/L
	11–<19 yrs	4 U/L	16 U/L	4 U/L	16 U/L	4 U/L	16 U/L	4 U/L	16 U/L
Haptoglobin^a	0–<15 d	0.00 g/L	0.12 g/L	0 mg/dL	12 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	0.12 g/L	0 mg/dL	12 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.00 g/L	2.38 g/L	0 mg/dL	238 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	2.38 g/L	0 mg/dL	238 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	0.00 g/L	1.76 g/L	0 mg/dL	176 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	1.76 g/L	0 mg/dL	176 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	0.00 g/L	1.93 g/L	0 mg/dL	193 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	1.93 g/L	0 mg/dL	193 mg/dL
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)^b	0–<15 d	0.18 mmol/L	1.01 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	39 mg/dL	0.18 mmol/L	1.01 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	39 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.00 mmol/L	1.95 mmol/L	0 mg/dL	75 mg/dL	0.00 mmol/L	1.95 mmol/L	0 mg/dL	75 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	0.72 mmol/L	1.68 mmol/L	28 mg/dL	65 mg/dL	0.72 mmol/L	1.68 mmol/L	28 mg/dL	65 mg/dL
	4–<13 yrs	0.81 mmol/L	1.99 mmol/L	31 mg/dL	77 mg/dL	0.81 mmol/L	1.99 mmol/L	31 mg/dL	77 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.70 mmol/L	1.96 mmol/L	27 mg/dL	76 mg/dL	0.69 mmol/L	1.85 mmol/L	27 mg/dL	71 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)^a	0–<1 yr	0.0 g/L	0.1 g/L	0 mg/dL	10 mg/dL	0.0 g/L	0.1 g/L	0 mg/dL	10 mg/dL
	1–<3 yrs	0.0 g/L	0.8 g/L	0 mg/dL	80 mg/dL	0.0 g/L	0.8 g/L	0 mg/dL	80 mg/dL
	3–<6 yrs	0.1 g/L	1.4 g/L	10 mg/dL	140 mg/dL	0.1 g/L	1.4 g/L	10 mg/dL	140 mg/dL
	6–<14 yrs	0.3 g/L	2.2 g/L	30 mg/dL	220 mg/dL	0.3 g/L	2.2 g/L	30 mg/dL	220 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	0.4 g/L	2.9 g/L	40 mg/dL	290 mg/dL	0.4 g/L	2.9 g/L	40 mg/dL	290 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)^a	0–<15 d	3.2 g/L	12.0 g/L	320 mg/dL	1210 mg/dL	3.2 g/L	12.0 g/L	320 mg/dL	1210 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.5 g/L	6.3 g/L	150 mg/dL	630 mg/dL	1.5 g/L	6.3 g/L	150 mg/dL	630 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	3.2 g/L	9.9 g/L	320 mg/dL	990 mg/dL	3.2 g/L	9.9 g/L	320 mg/dL	990 mg/dL
	4–<10 yrs	5.0 g/L	11.6 g/L	500 mg/dL	1170 mg/dL	5.0 g/L	11.6 g/L	500 mg/dL	1170 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	6.0 g/L	13.1 g/L	600 mg/dL	1310 mg/dL	6.0 g/L	13.1 g/L	600 mg/dL	1310 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)^a^,^c	0–<15 d	0.0 g/L	0.3 g/L	0 mg/dL	30 mg/dL	0.0 g/L	0.3 g/L	0 mg/dL	30 mg/dL
	15 d–<13 wks	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	10 mg/dL	70 mg/dL	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	10 mg/dL	70 mg/dL
	13 wks–<1 yr	0.1 g/L	0.8 g/L	10 mg/dL	80 mg/dL	0.1 g/L	0.8 g/L	10 mg/dL	80 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.4 g/L	1.8 g/L	50 mg/dL	180 mg/dL	0.4 g/L	1.4 g/L	40 mg/dL	140 mg/dL
Iron^a	0–<14 yrs	5	25	29	137	5	25	29	137
	14–<19 yrs	6	30	33	170	8	31	43	176
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)^a	0–<15 d	0 U/L	1128 U/L	0 U/L	1128 U/L	0 U/L	1128 U/L	0 U/L	1128 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	0 U/L	424 U/L	0 U/L	424 U/L	0 U/L	424 U/L	0 U/L	424 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	0 U/L	305 U/L	0 U/L	305 U/L	0 U/L	305 U/L	0 U/L	305 U/L
	10–<15 yrs	0 U/L	260 U/L	0 U/L	260 U/L	0 U/L	270 U/L	0 U/L	270 U/L
	15–<19 yrs	0 U/L	240 U/L	0 U/L	240 U/L	0 U/L	240 U/L	0 U/L	240 U/L
Phosphate^a^,^c	0–<15 d	1.71 mmol/L	3.15 mmol/L	5.3 mg/dL	9.8 mg/dL	1.71 mmol/L	3.15 mmol/L	5.3 mg/dL	9.8 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.47 mmol/L	2.54 mmol/L	4.6 mg/dL	7.9 mg/dL	1.47 mmol/L	2.54 mmol/L	4.6 mg/dL	7.9 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	1.33 mmol/L	2.06 mmol/L	4.1 mg/dL	6.4 mg/dL	1.33 mmol/L	2.06 mmol/L	4.1 mg/dL	6.4 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	1.28 mmol/L	1.82 mmol/L	4.0 mg/dL	5.6 mg/dL	1.28 mmol/L	1.82 mmol/L	4.0 mg/dL	5.6 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	1.00 mmol/L	1.70 mmol/L	3.1 mg/dL	5.3 mg/dL	1.11 mmol/L	1.88 mmol/L	3.5 mg/dL	5.8 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.94 mmol/L	1.55 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	4.8 mg/dL	0.94 mmol/L	1.55 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	4.8 mg/dL
Prealbumin^a	0–<15 d	0.00 g/L	0.11 g/L	0 mg/dL	11 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	0.11 g/L	0 mg/dL	11 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.04 g/L	0.24 g/L	4 mg/dL	24 mg/dL	0.04 g/L	0.24 g/L	4 mg/dL	24 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	0.11 g/L	0.23 g/L	11 mg/dL	23 mg/dL	0.11 g/L	0.23 g/L	11 mg/dL	23 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	0.13 g/L	0.26 g/L	13 mg/dL	26 mg/dL	0.13 g/L	0.26 g/L	13 mg/dL	26 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	0.17 g/L	0.31 g/L	17 mg/dL	31 mg/dL	0.17 g/L	0.31 g/L	17 mg/dL	31 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.16 g/L	0.33 g/L	16 mg/dL	33 mg/dL	0.20 g/L	0.35 g/L	20 mg/dL	35 mg/dL
Total protein^a	0–<15 d	51 g/L	80 g/L	5.1 g/dL	8.0 g/dL	51 g/L	80 g/L	5.1 g/dL	8.0 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	43 g/L	69 g/L	4.3 g/dL	6.9 g/dL	43 g/L	69 g/L	4.3 g/dL	6.9 g/dL
	1–<6 yrs	59 g/L	73 g/L	5.9 g/dL	7.3 g/dL	59 g/L	73 g/L	5.9 g/dL	7.3 g/dL
	6–<9 yrs	62 g/L	75 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.5 g/dL	62 g/L	75 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.5 g/dL
	9–<19 yrs	63 g/L	78 g/L	6.3 g/dL	7.8 g/dL	63 g/L	78 g/L	6.3 g/dL	7.8 g/dL
Transferrin^b	0–<9 wks	1.11 g/L	2.43 g/L	111 mg/dL	243 mg/dL	1.11 g/L	2.43 g/L	111 mg/dL	243 mg/dL
	9 wks–<1 yr	1.15 g/L	3.52 g/L	115 mg/dL	352 mg/dL	1.15 g/L	3.52 g/L	115 mg/dL	352 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.38 g/L	3.66 g/L	238 mg/dL	366 mg/dL	2.38 g/L	3.66 g/L	238 mg/dL	366 mg/dL
Triglycerides^b	0–<15 d	1.02 mmol/L	3.25 mmol/L	90 mg/dL	288 mg/dL	1.02 mmol/L	3.25 mmol/L	90 mg/dL	288 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.65 mmol/L	3.24 mmol/L	58 mg/dL	287 mg/dL	0.65 mmol/L	3.24 mmol/L	58 mg/dL	287 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.54 mmol/L	2.47 mmol/L	48 mg/dL	219 mg/dL	0.54 mmol/L	2.47 mmol/L	48 mg/dL	219 mg/dL
Urea^a	0–<15 d	1.1 mmol/L	7.9 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	22 mg/dL	1.1 mmol/L	7.9 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	22 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.3 mmol/L	5.8 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	16 mg/dL	1.3 mmol/L	5.8 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	16 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	3.2 mmol/L	7.6 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	21 mg/dL	3.2 mmol/L	7.6 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	21 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	2.6 mmol/L	6.5 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	18 mg/dL	2.6 mmol/L	7.2 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	20 mg/dL
Uric acid^a	0–<15 d	158 µmol/L	748 µmol/L	2.7 mg/dL	12.6 mg/dL	158 µmol/L	748 µmol/L	2.7 mg/dL	12.6 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	88 µmol/L	370 µmol/L	1.5 mg/dL	6.2 mg/dL	88 µmol/L	370 µmol/L	1.5 mg/dL	6.2 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	100 µmol/L	282 µmol/L	1.7 mg/dL	4.7 mg/dL	100 µmol/L	282 µmol/L	1.7 mg/dL	4.7 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	147 µmol/L	342 µmol/L	2.5 mg/dL	5.7 mg/dL	150 µmol/L	446 µmol/L	2.5 mg/dL	7.5 mg/dL

Reference interval value units are in Standard International units (SI units) and Conventional units (CON units).

Colored partitions indicate sex-specific differences within the age partitions.

^a Refer to the original publication [29] for additional information.

^b Refer to the original publication [32] for additional information.

Approximately 200 patient samples were run on the Roche cobas to transfer reference intervals from the Abbott ARCHITECT.

^c Reference interval did not verify. Use with caution. See original publications [29,32] for more information.

Table 7. Pediatric reference intervals for the Roche Modular P – age and sex specific.

		Female reference interval				Male reference interval
		SI units		CON units		SI units		CON units
Analyte	Age	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	0–<1 yr	8 U/L	31 U/L	8 U/L	31 U/L	8 U/L	31 U/L	8 U/L	31 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	11 U/L	25 U/L	11 U/L	25 U/L	11 U/L	25 U/L	11 U/L	25 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	11 U/L	22 U/L	11 U/L	22 U/L	11 U/L	24 U/L	11 U/L	24 U/L
Alanine aminotransferase with pyridoxal phosphate (ALT ACT)	0–<1 yrs	7 U/L	36 U/L	7 U/L	36 U/L	7 U/L	36 U/L	7 U/L	36 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	12 U/L	28 U/L	12 U/L	28 U/L	12 U/L	28 U/L	12 U/L	28 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	10 U/L	25 U/L	10 U/L	25 U/L	12 U/L	27 U/L	12 U/L	27 U/L
Albumin G (bromcresol green)	0–<15 d	33 g/L	45 g/L	3.3 g/dL	4.5 g/dL	33 g/L	45 g/L	3.3 g/dL	4.5 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	31 g/L	50 g/L	3.1 g/dL	5.0 g/dL	31 g/L	50 g/L	3.1 g/dL	5.0 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	40 g/L	49 g/L	4.0 g/dL	4.9 g/dL	40 g/L	49 g/L	4.0 g/dL	4.9 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	42 g/L	51 g/L	4.2 g/dL	5.1 g/dL	42 g/L	51 g/L	4.2 g/dL	5.1 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	40 g/L	53 g/L	4.0 g/dL	5.3 g/dL	43 g/L	53 g/L	4.3 g/dL	5.3 g/dL
Albumin P (bromcresol purple)	0–<15 d	28 g/L	41 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.1 g/dL	28 g/L	41 g/L	2.8 g/dL	4.1 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	24 g/L	47 g/L	2.4 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	24 g/L	47 g/L	2.4 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	35 g/L	46 g/L	3.5 g/dL	4.6 g/dL	35 g/L	46 g/L	3.5 g/dL	4.6 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	37 g/L	48 g/L	3.7 g/dL	4.8 g/dL	37 g/L	48 g/L	3.7 g/dL	4.8 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	35 g/L	50 g/L	3.5 g/dL	5.0 g/dL	38 g/L	51 g/L	3.8 g/dL	5.1 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)^a	0–<15 d	89 U/L	260 U/L	89 U/L	260 U/L	89 U/L	260 U/L	89 U/L	260 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	130 U/L	490 U/L	130 U/L	490 U/L	130 U/L	490 U/L	130 U/L	490 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	150 U/L	350 U/L	150 U/L	350 U/L	150 U/L	350 U/L	150 U/L	350 U/L
	10–<13 yrs	136 U/L	435 U/L	136 U/L	435 U/L	136 U/L	435 U/L	136 U/L	435 U/L
	13–<15 yrs	62 U/L	267 U/L	62 U/L	267 U/L	123 U/L	489 U/L	123 U/L	489 U/L
	15–<17 yrs	55 U/L	124 U/L	55 U/L	124 U/L	88 U/L	346 U/L	88 U/L	346 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	50 U/L	93 U/L	50 U/L	93 U/L	60 U/L	158 U/L	60 U/L	158 U/L
Amylase^a	0–<15 d	4 U/L	12 U/L	4 U/L	12 U/L	4 U/L	12 U/L	4 U/L	12 U/L
	15 d––<13 wks	0 U/L	25 U/L	0 U/L	25 U/L	0 U/L	25 U/L	0 U/L	25 U/L
	13 wks–<1 yr	4 U/L	56 U/L	4 U/L	56 U/L	4 U/L	56 U/L	4 U/L	56 U/L
	1–<19 yrs	29 U/L	113 U/L	29 U/L	113 U/L	29 U/L	113 U/L	29 U/L	113 U/L
Antistreptolysin-O (ASO)^a	0–<6 m	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL
	6 m–<1 yr	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	0 IU/mL
	1–<6 yrs	0 IU/mL	134 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	134 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	134 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	134 IU/mL
	6–<19 yrs	0 IU/mL	518 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	518 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	518 IU/mL	0 IU/mL	518 IU/mL
Apolipoprotein B	0–<15 d	0.00 g/L	0.60 g/L	0 mg/dL	60 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	0.60 g/L	0 mg/dL	60 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.10 g/L	1.20 g/L	10 mg/dL	120 mg/dL	0.10 g/L	1.20 g/L	10 mg/dL	120 mg/dL
	1–<6 yrs	0.36 g/L	0.87 g/L	36 mg/dL	87 mg/dL	0.36 g/L	0.87 g/L	36 mg/dL	87 mg/dL
	6–<19 yrs	0.26 g/L	0.82 g/L	26 mg/dL	82 mg/dL	0.26 g/L	0.82 g/L	26 mg/dL	82 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase without pyridoxal phosphate (AST)	0–<15 d	33 U/L	154 U/L	33 U/L	154 U/L	33 U/L	154 U/L	33 U/L	154 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	22 U/L	66 U/L	22 U/L	66 U/L	22 U/L	66 U/L	22 U/L	66 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	23 U/L	44 U/L	23 U/L	44 U/L	23 U/L	44 U/L	23 U/L	44 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	20 U/L	37 U/L	20 U/L	37 U/L	20 U/L	37 U/L	20 U/L	37 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	16 U/L	28 U/L	16 U/L	28 U/L	17 U/L	36 U/L	17 U/L	36 U/L
Aspartate aminotransferase with pyridoxal phosphate (AST ACT)	0–<15 d	40 U/L	175 U/L	40 U/L	175 U/L	40 U/L	175 U/L	40 U/L	175 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	28 U/L	77 U/L	28 U/L	77 U/L	28 U/L	77 U/L	28 U/L	77 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	29 U/L	53 U/L	29 U/L	53 U/L	29 U/L	53 U/L	29 U/L	53 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	26 U/L	45 U/L	26 U/L	45 U/L	26 U/L	45 U/L	26 U/L	45 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	21 U/L	34 U/L	21 U/L	34 U/L	22 U/L	44 U/L	22 U/L	44 U/L
Bilirubin, direct	0–<15 d	3.4 µmol/L	7.7 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL	3.4 µmol/L	7.7 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.0 µmol/L	3.0 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	3.0 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	0.0 µmol/L	1.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	1.8 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.1 mg/dL
	9–<13 yrs	0.0 µmol/L	2.9 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	2.9 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.0 µmol/L	4.0 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.2 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	4.3 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL
Bilirubin, total	0–<15 d	2.4 µmol/L	247 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	14.4 mg/dL	2.4 µmol/L	247 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	14.4 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.0 µmol/L	9.7 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	9.7 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	0.0 µmol/L	5.4 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	5.4 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL
	9–<12 yrs	0.0 µmol/L	7.7 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	7.7 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.5 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	0.0 µmol/L	9.9 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	0.0 µmol/L	9.9 µmol/L	0.0 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	1.0 µmol/L	12.0 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL	1.0 µmol/L	12.0 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.7 mg/dL
Cholesterol	0–<15 d	1.29 mmol/L	3.38 mmol/L	50 mg/dL	131 mg/dL	1.19 mmol/L	2.96 mmol/L	46 mg/dL	114 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.76 mmol/L	6.37 mmol/L	68 mg/dL	246 mg/dL	1.76 mmol/L	6.37 mmol/L	68 mg/dL	246 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	3.04 mmol/L	5.62 mmol/L	117 mg/dL	217 mg/dL	3.04 mmol/L	5.62 mmol/L	117 mg/dL	217 mg/dL
Complement component 3 (C3)	0–<15 d	0.52 g/L	1.26 g/L	52 mg/dL	126 mg/dL	0.52 g/L	1.26 g/L	52 mg/dL	126 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yrs	0.53 g/L	1.67 g/L	53 mg/dL	167 mg/dL	0.53 g/L	1.67 g/L	53 mg/dL	167 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.86 g/L	1.59 g/L	86 mg/dL	159 mg/dL	0.86 g/L	1.59 g/L	86 mg/dL	159 mg/dL
Complement component 4 (C4)	0–<1 yr	0.07 g/L	0.30 g/L	7 mg/dL	30 mg/dL	0.07 g/L	0.30 g/L	7 mg/dL	30 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.13 g/L	0.37 g/L	13 mg/dL	37 mg/dL	0.13 g/L	0.37 g/L	13 mg/dL	37 mg/dL
C-Reactive protein high sensitivity (CRP)^a	0–<15 d	0.4 mg/L	5.0 mg/L	0.4 mg/L	5.0 mg/L	0.4 mg/L	5.0 mg/L	0.4 mg/L	5.0 mg/L
	15 d–<15 yrs	0.2 mg/L	0.9 mg/L	0.2 mg/L	0.9 mg/L	0.2 mg/L	0.9 mg/L	0.2 mg/L	0.9 mg/L
	15–<19 yrs	0.2 mg/L	1.5 mg/L	0.2 mg/L	1.5 mg/L	0.2 mg/L	1.5 mg/L	0.2 mg/L	1.5 mg/L
Creatinine, enzymatic^a	0–<15 d	27 µmol/L	79 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.9 mg/dL	27 µmol/L	79 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.9 mg/dL
	15 d–<2 yrs	8 µmol/L	30 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL	8 µmol/L	30 µmol/L	0.1 mg/dL	0.3 mg/dL
	2–<5 yrs	16 µmol/L	36 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL	16 µmol/L	36 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	0.4 mg/dL
	5–<12 yrs	25 µmol/L	52 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL	25 µmol/L	52 µmol/L	0.3 mg/dL	0.6 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	38 µmol/L	69 µmol/L	0.4 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	38 µmol/L	69 µmol/L	0.4 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	41 µmol/L	71 µmol/L	0.5 mg/dL	0.8 mg/dL	53 µmol/L	93 µmol/L	0.6 mg/dL	1.1 mg/dL
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)	0–<15 d	17 U/L	171 U/L	17 U/L	171 U/L	17 U/L	171 U/L	17 U/L	171 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	5 U/L	99 U/L	5 U/L	99 U/L	5 U/L	99 U/L	5 U/L	99 U/L
	1–<11 yrs	3 U/L	11 U/L	3 U/L	11 U/L	3 U/L	11 U/L	3 U/L	11 U/L
	11–<19 yrs	4 U/L	15 U/L	4 U/L	15 U/L	4 U/L	15 U/L	4 U/L	15 U/L
Haptoglobin	0–<15 d	0.00 g/L	0.11 g/L	0 mg/dL	11 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	0.11 g/L	0 mg/dL	11 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.00 g/L	2.09 g/L	0 mg/dL	209 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	2.09 g/L	0 mg/dL	209 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	0.00 g/L	1.54 g/L	0 mg/dL	154 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	1.54 g/L	0 mg/dL	154 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	0.00 g/L	1.69 g/L	0 mg/dL	169 mg/dL	0.00 g/L	1.69 g/L	0 mg/dL	169 mg/dL
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)^a	0–<15 d	0.22 mmol/L	1.00 mmol/L	8 mg/dL	39 mg/dL	0.22 mmol/L	1.00 mmol/L	8 mg/dL	39 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.10 mmol/L	1.89 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	73 mg/dL	0.10 mmol/L	1.89 mmol/L	4 mg/dL	73 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	0.72 mmol/L	1.63 mmol/L	28 mg/dL	63 mg/dL	0.72 mmol/L	1.63 mmol/L	28 mg/dL	63 mg/dL
	4–<13 yrs	0.82 mmol/L	1.92 mmol/L	32 mg/dL	74 mg/dL	0.82 mmol/L	1.92 mmol/L	32 mg/dL	74 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	0.71 mmol/L	1.90 mmol/L	27 mg/dL	73 mg/dL	0.70 mmol/L	1.79 mmol/L	27 mg/dL	69 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)^a	0–<1 yr	0.0 g/L	0.2 g/L	0 mg/dL	16 mg/dL	0.0 g/L	0.2 g/L	0 mg/dL	16 mg/dL
	1–<3 yrs	0.0 g/L	0.8 g/L	0 mg/dL	84 mg/dL	0.0 g/L	0.8 g/L	0 mg/dL	84 mg/dL
	3–<6 yrs	0.2 g/L	1.5 g/L	16 mg/dL	151 mg/dL	0.2 g/L	1.5 g/L	16 mg/dL	151 mg/dL
	6–<14 yrs	0.4 g/L	2.3 g/L	39 mg/dL	230 mg/dL	0.4 g/L	2.3 g/L	39 mg/dL	230 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	0.4 g/L	3.1 g/L	39 mg/dL	309 mg/dL	0.4 g/L	3.1 g/L	39 mg/dL	309 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)^a	0–<15 d	3.3 g/L	13.2 g/L	325 mg/dL	1319 mg/dL	3.3 g/L	13.2 g/L	325 mg/dL	1319 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.3 g/L	6.8 g/L	132 mg/dL	675 mg/dL	1.3 g/L	6.8 g/L	132 mg/dL	675 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	3.3 g/L	10.9 g/L	325 mg/dL	1089 mg/dL	3.3 g/L	10.9 g/L	325 mg/dL	1089 mg/dL
	4–<10 yrs	5.3 g/L	12.8 g/L	528 mg/dL	1282 mg/dL	5.3 g/L	12.8 g/L	528 mg/dL	1282 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	6.4 g/L	14.4 g/L	638 mg/dL	1438 mg/dL	6.4 g/L	14.4 g/L	638 mg/dL	1438 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)^a	0–<15 d	0.1 g/L	0.4 g/L	7 mg/dL	39 mg/dL	0.1 g/L	0.4 g/L	7 mg/dL	39 mg/dL
	15 d–<13 wks	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	7 mg/dL	71 mg/dL	0.1 g/L	0.7 g/L	7 mg/dL	71 mg/dL
	13 wks–<1 yr	0.2 g/L	0.9 g/L	18 mg/dL	93 mg/dL	0.2 g/L	0.9 g/L	18 mg/dL	93 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.5 g/L	2.0 g/L	50 mg/dL	199 mg/dL	0.4 g/L	1.6 g/L	39 mg/dL	157 mg/dL
Iron	0–<14 yrs	3 µmol/L	24 µmol/L	17 µg/dL	134 µg/dL	3 µmol/L	24 µmol/L	17 µg/dL	134 µg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	4 µmol/L	30 µmol/L	22 µg/dL	168 µg/dL	6 µmol/L	31 µmol/L	34 µg/dL	173 µg/dL
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	0–<15 d	303 U/L	1143 U/L	303 U/L	1143 U/L	303 U/L	1143 U/L	303 U/L	1143 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	169 U/L	435 U/L	169 U/L	435 U/L	169 U/L	435 U/L	169 U/L	435 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	196 U/L	314 U/L	196 U/L	314 U/L	196 U/L	314 U/L	196 U/L	314 U/L
	10–<15 yrs	163 U/L	269 U/L	163 U/L	269 U/L	175 U/L	279 U/L	175 U/L	279 U/L
	15–<19 yrs	139 U/L	249 U/L	139 U/L	249 U/L	139 U/L	249 U/L	139 U/L	249 U/L
Phosphate^a	0–<15 d	1.82 mmol/L	3.45 mmol/L	5.6 mg/dL	10.7 mg/dL	1.82 mmol/L	3.45 mmol/L	5.6 mg/dL	10.7 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.55 mmol/L	2.76 mmol/L	4.8 mg/dL	8.5 mg/dL	1.55 mmol/L	2.76 mmol/L	4.8 mg/dL	8.5 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	1.39 mmol/L	2.21 mmol/L	4.3 mg/dL	6.8 mg/dL	1.39 mmol/L	2.21 mmol/L	4.3 mg/dL	6.8 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	1.33 mmol/L	1.94 mmol/L	4.1 mg/dL	6.0 mg/dL	1.33 mmol/L	1.94 mmol/L	4.1 mg/dL	6.0 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	1.02 mmol/L	1.81 mmol/L	3.2 mg/dL	5.6 mg/dL	1.14 mmol/L	2.01 mmol/L	3.5 mg/dL	6.2 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.95 mmol/L	1.63 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	5.0 mg/dL	0.95 mmol/L	1.63 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	5.0 mg/dL
Total protein^a	0–<15 d	55 g/L	83 g/L	5.5 g/dL	8.3 g/dL	55 g/L	83 g/L	5.5 g/dL	8.3 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	46 g/L	72 g/L	4.6 g/dL	7.2 g/dL	46 g/L	72 g/L	4.6 g/dL	7.2 g/dL
	1–<6 yrs	62 g/L	76 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.6 g/dL	62 g/L	76 g/L	6.2 g/dL	7.6 g/dL
	6–<9 yrs	65 g/L	77 g/L	6.5 g/dL	7.7 g/dL	65 g/L	77 g/L	6.5 g/dL	7.7 g/dL
	9–<19 yrs	66 g/L	81 g/L	6.6 g/dL	8.1 g/dL	66 g/L	81 g/L	6.6 g/dL	8.1 g/dL
Transferrin	0–<9 wks	1.15 g/L	2.44 g/L	115 mg/dL	244 mg/dL	1.15 g/L	2.44 g/L	115 mg/dL	244 mg/dL
	9 wks–<1 yr	1.18 g/L	3.52 g/L	118 mg/dL	352 mg/dL	1.18 g/L	3.52 g/L	118 mg/dL	352 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.40 g/L	3.66 g/L	240 mg/dL	366 mg/dL	2.40 g/L	3.66 g/L	240 mg/dL	366 mg/dL
Triglycerides	0–<15 d	0.98 mmol/L	3.21 mmol/L	87 mg/dL	284 mg/dL	0.98 mmol/L	3.21 mmol/L	87 mg/dL	284 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.61 mmol/L	3.20 mmol/L	54 mg/dL	283 mg/dL	0.61 mmol/L	3.20 mmol/L	54 mg/dL	283 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.50 mmol/L	2.43 mmol/L	44 mg/dL	215 mg/dL	0.50 mmol/L	2.43 mmol/L	44 mg/dL	215 mg/dL
Urea	0–<15 d	1.0 mmol/L	8.7 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	24 mg/dL	1.0 mmol/L	8.7 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	24 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.2 mmol/L	6.3 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	18 mg/dL	1.2 mmol/L	6.3 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	18 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	3.3 mmol/L	8.4 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	24 mg/dL	3.3 mmol/L	8.4 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	24 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	2.7 mmol/L	7.2 mmol/L	8 mg/dL	20 mg/dL	2.7 mmol/L	7.9 mmol/L	8 mg/dL	22 mg/dL
Uric acid^a	0–<15 d	165 µmol/L	718 µmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	12.1 mg/dL	165 µmol/L	718 µmol/L	2.8 mg/dL	12.1 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	100 µmol/L	364 µmol/L	1.7 mg/dL	6.1 mg/dL	100 µmol/L	364 µmol/L	1.7 mg/dL	6.1 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	111 µmol/L	282 µmol/L	1.9 mg/dL	4.7 mg/dL	111 µmol/L	282 µmol/L	1.9 mg/dL	4.7 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	155 µmol/L	338 µmol/L	2.6 mg/dL	5.7 mg/dL	158 µmol/L	435 µmol/L	2.7 mg/dL	7.3 mg/dL

Reference interval value units are in Standard International units (SI units) and Conventional units (CON units).

Colored partitions indicate sex-specific differences within the age partitions.

Refer to the original publications [32] for additional information.

Approximately 200 patient samples were run on the Roche Modular P to transfer reference intervals from the Abbott ARCHITECT.

^a Reference interval did not verify. Please use with caution. See original publication [32] for more information.

Table 8. Pediatric reference intervals for the Siemens Vista – age and sex specific.

		Female reference interval				Male reference interval
		SI units		CON units		SI units		CON units
Analyte	Age	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL	LL	UL
Alanine aminotransferase with pyridoxal phosphate (ALT ACT)	0–<1 yr	NA	41 U/L	NA	41 U/L	NA	41 U/L	NA	41 U/L
	1–<13 yrs	NA	32 U/L	NA	32 U/L	NA	32 U/L	NA	32 U/L
	13–<19 yrs	NA	29 U/L	NA	29 U/L	NA	31 U/L	NA	31 U/L
Albumin P (bromcresol purple)	0–<15 d	30 g/L	43 g/L	3.0 g/dL	4.3 g/dL	30 g/L	43 g/L	3.0 g/dL	4.3 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	27 g/L	48 g/L	2.7 g/dL	4.8 g/dL	27 g/L	48 g/L	2.7 g/dL	4.8 g/dL
	1–<8 yrs	37 g/L	47 g/L	3.7 g/dL	4.7 g/dL	37 g/L	47 g/L	3.7 g/dL	4.7 g/dL
	8–<15 yrs	39 g/L	49 g/L	3.9 g/dL	4.9 g/dL	39 g/L	49 g/L	3.9 g/dL	4.9 g/dL
	15–<19 yrs	37 g/L	51 g/L	3.7 g/dL	5.1 g/dL	40 g/L	53 g/L	4.0 g/dL	5.3 g/dL
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)	0–<15 d	82 U/L	249 U/L	82 U/L	249 U/L	82 U/L	249 U/L	82 U/L	249 U/L
	15 d–<1yr	122 U/L	473 U/L	122 U/L	473 U/L	122 U/L	473 U/L	122 U/L	473 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	142 U/L	336 U/L	142 U/L	336 U/L	142 U/L	336 U/L	142 U/L	336 U/L
	10–<13yrs	128 U/L	420 U/L	128 U/L	420 U/L	128 U/L	420 U/L	128 U/L	420 U/L
	13–<15 yrs	55 U/L	255 U/L	55 U/L	255 U/L	115 U/L	471 U/L	115 U/L	471 U/L
	15–<17 yrs	49 U/L	116 U/L	49 U/L	116 U/L	81 U/L	333 U/L	81 U/L	333 U/L
	17–<19 yrs	43 U/L	86 U/L	43 U/L	86 U/L	53 U/L	149 U/L	53 U/L	149 U/L
Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)	0–<15 d	NA	0.7 g/L	NA	72 mg/dL	NA	0.7 g/L	NA	72 mg/dL
	15 d–<1yr	0.2 g/L	1.3 g/L	18 mg/dL	134 mg/dL	0.2 g/L	1.3 g/L	18 mg/dL	134 mg/dL
	1–<6 yrs	0.4 g/L	1.0 g/L	43 mg/dL	100 mg/dL	0.4 g/L	1.0 g/L	43 mg/dL	100 mg/dL
	6–<19 yrs	0.3 g/L	0.9 g/L	32 mg/dL	90 mg/dL	0.3 g/L	0.9 g/L	32 mg/dL	90 mg/dL
Aspartate aminotransferase with pyridoxal phosphate (AST ACT)	0–<15 d	NA	185 U/L	NA	185 U/L	NA	185 U/L	NA	185 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	73 U/L	NA	73 U/L	NA	73 U/L	NA	73 U/L
	1–<7 yrs	NA	46 U/L	NA	46 U/L	NA	46 U/L	NA	46 U/L
	7–<12 yrs	NA	37 U/L	NA	37 U/L	NA	37 U/L	NA	37 U/L
	12–<19 yrs	NA	25 U/L	NA	25 U/L	NA	36 U/L	NA	36 U/L
Amylase	0–<15 d	NA	10 U/L	NA	10 U/L	NA	10 U/L	NA	10 U/L
	15 d–<13 wks	NA	21 U/L	NA	21 U/L	NA	21 U/L	NA	21 U/L
	13 wks–<1 yr	NA	47 U/L	NA	47 U/L	NA	47 U/L	NA	47 U/L
	1–<19 yrs	NA	94 U/L	NA	94 U/L	NA	94 U/L	NA	94 U/L
Bilirubin, direct	0–<15 d	NA	8 µmol/L	NA	0.5 mg/dL	NA	8 µmol/L	NA	0.5 mg/dL
	15 d–<1yr	NA	3 µmol/L	NA	0.2 mg/dL	NA	3 µmol/L	NA	0.2 mg/dL
	1–<9 yrs	NA	1 µmol/L	NA	0.1 mg/dL	NA	1 µmol/L	NA	0.1 mg/dL
	9–<13yrs	NA	3 µmol/L	NA	0.2 mg/dL	NA	3 µmol/L	NA	0.2 mg/dL
	13–<19 yrs	NA	4 µmol/L	NA	0.2 mg/dL	NA	4 µmol/L	NA	0.2 mg/dL
Bilirubin, total^a	0–<15 d	NA	239 µmol/L	NA	14.0 mg/dL	NA	239 µmol/L	NA	14.0 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	9 µmol/L	NA	0.5 mg/dL	NA	9 µmol/L	NA	0.5 mg/dL
	1–<9yrs	NA	5 µmol/L	NA	0.3 mg/dL	NA	5 µmol/L	NA	0.3 mg/dL
	9–<12 yrs	NA	7 µmol/L	NA	0.4 mg/dL	NA	7 µmol/L	NA	0.4 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	NA	10 µmol/L	NA	0.6 mg/dL	NA	10 µmol/L	NA	0.6 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	NA	12 µmol/L	NA	0.7 mg/dL	NA	12 µmol/L	NA	0.7 mg/dL
Calcium^a	0–<1 yr	2.13 mmol/L	2.67 mmol/L	8.5 mg/dL	10.7 mg/dL	2.13 mmol/L	2.67 mmol/L	8.5 mg/dL	10.7 mg/dL
	1–<19yrs	2.27 mmol/L	2.58 mmol/L	9.1 mg/dL	10.3 mg/dL	2.27 mmol/L	2.58 mmol/L	9.1 mg/dL	10.3 mg/dL
Cholesterol^a	0–<15 d	1.08 mmol/L	3.09 mmol/L	42 mg/dL	119 mg/dL	0.98 mmol/L	2.69 mmol/L	38 mg/dL	104 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.54 mmol/L	5.97 mmol/L	59 mg/dL	231 mg/dL	1.54 mmol/L	5.97 mmol/L	59 mg/dL	231 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.77 mmol/L	5.24 mmol/L	107 mg/dL	202 mg/dL	2.77 mmol/L	5.24 mmol/L	107 mg/dL	202 mg/dL
Complement component 3 (C3)	0–<15 d	0.54 g/L	1.26 g/L	54 mg/dL	126 mg/dL	0.54 g/L	1.26 g/L	54 mg/dL	126 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.55 g/L	1.66 g/L	55 mg/dL	166 mg/dL	0.55 g/L	1.66 g/L	55 mg/dL	166 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.87 g/L	1.58 g/L	87 mg/dL	158 mg/dL	0.87 g/L	1.58 g/L	87 mg/dL	158 mg/dL
Complement component 4 (C4)^a	0–<1 yr	0.09 g/L	0.30 g/L	9 mg/dL	30 mg/dL	0.09 g/L	0.30 g/L	9 mg/dL	30 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.14 g/L	0.36 g/L	14 mg/dL	36 mg/dL	0.14 g/L	0.36 g/L	14 mg/dL	36 mg/dL
Creatinine, enzymatic	0–<15 d	27.2 µmol/L	77.6 µmol/L	0.31 mg/dL	0.88 mg/dL	27.0 µmol/L	77.6 µmol/L	0.31 mg/dL	0.88 mg/dL
	15 d–<2 yrs	8.4 µmol/L	30.7 µmol/L	0.10 mg/dL	0.35 mg/dL	8.4 µmol/L	30.7 µmol/L	0.10 mg/dL	0.35 mg/dL
	2–<5 yrs	16.9 µmol/L	36.0 µmol/L	0.19 mg/dL	0.41 mg/dL	16.9 µmol/L	36.0 µmol/L	0.19 mg/dL	0.41 mg/dL
	5–<12 yrs	25.9 µmol/L	50.9 µmol/L	0.29 mg/dL	0.58 mg/dL	25.9 µmol/L	50.9 µmol/L	0.29 mg/dL	0.58 mg/dL
	12–<15 yrs	37.9 µmol/L	68.3 µmol/L	0.43 mg/dL	0.77 mg/dL	37.9 µmol/L	68.3 µmol/L	0.43 mg/dL	0.77 mg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	41.2 µmol/L	70.5 µmol/L	0.47 mg/dL	0.80 mg/dL	52.4 µmol/L	90.8 µmol/L	0.59 mg/dL	1.03 mg/dL
Haptoglobin	0–<15 d	NA	0.18 g/L	NA	18 mg/dL	NA	0.18 g/L	NA	18 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	2.27 g/L	NA	227 mg/dL	NA	2.27 g/L	NA	227 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	NA	1.69 g/L	NA	169 mg/dL	NA	1.69 g/L	NA	169 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	NA	1.85 g/L	NA	185 mg/dL	NA	1.85 g/L	NA	185 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)	0–<1 yr	NA	0.30 g/L	NA	30 mg/dL	NA	0.30 g/L	NA	30 mg/dL
	1–<3 yrs	NA	1.00 g/L	NA	100 mg/dL	NA	1.00 g/L	NA	100 mg/dL
	3–<6 yrs	0.30 g/L	1.60 g/L	30 mg/dL	160 mg/dL	0.30 g/L	1.60 g/L	30 mg/dL	160 mg/dL
	6–<14 yrs	0.50 g/L	2.40 g/L	50 mg/dL	240 mg/dL	0.50 g/L	2.40 g/L	50 mg/dL	240 mg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	0.60 g/L	3.10 g/L	60 mg/dL	310 mg/dL	0.60 g/L	3.10 g/L	60 mg/dL	310 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)	0–<15 d	3.2 g/L	13.7 g/L	320 mg/dL	1370 mg/dL	3.2 g/L	13.7 g/L	320 mg/dL	1370 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.2 g/L	6.9 g/L	120 mg/dL	690 mg/dL	1.2 g/L	6.9 g/L	120 mg/dL	690 mg/dL
	1–<4 yrs	3.2 g/L	11.2 g/L	320 mg/dL	1120 mg/dL	3.2 g/L	11.2 g/L	320 mg/dL	1120 mg/dL
	4–<10 yrs	5.4 g/L	13.3 g/L	540 mg/dL	1330 mg/dL	5.4 g/L	13.3 g/L	540 mg/dL	1330 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	6.5 g/L	15.0 g/L	650 mg/dL	1500 mg/dL	6.5 g/L	15.0 g/L	650 mg/dL	1500 mg/dL
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)^a	0–<15 d	0.07 g/L	0.35 g/L	7 mg/dL	35 mg/dL	0.07 g/L	0.35 g/L	7 mg/dL	35 mg/dL
	15 d–<13 wks	0.14 g/L	0.68 g/L	14 mg/dL	68 mg/dL	0.14 g/L	0.68 g/L	14 mg/dL	68 mg/dL
	13 wks–<1 yr	0.18 g/L	0.82 g/L	18 mg/dL	82 mg/dL	0.18 g/L	0.82 g/L	18 mg/dL	82 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.47 g/L	1.75 g/L	47 mg/dL	175 mg/dL	0.39 g/L	1.42 g/L	39 mg/dL	142 mg/dL
Iron	0 –<14 yrs	5 µmol/L	25 µmol/L	28 µg/dL	140 µg/dL	5 µmol/L	25 µmol/L	28 µg/dL	140 µg/dL
	14–<19 yrs	5 µmol/L	31 µmol/L	28 µg/dL	173 µg/dL	7 µmol/L	31 µmol/L	39 µg/dL	173 µg/dL
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	0–<15 d	NA	1255 U/L	NA	1255 U/L	NA	1255 U/L	NA	1255 U/L
	15 d–<1 yr	NA	470 U/L	NA	470 U/L	NA	470 U/L	NA	470 U/L
	1–<10 yrs	NA	337 U/L	NA	337 U/L	NA	337 U/L	NA	337 U/L
	10–<15 yrs	NA	287 U/L	NA	287 U/L	NA	298 U/L	NA	298 U/L
	15–<19 yrs	NA	265 U/L	NA	265 U/L	NA	265 U/L	NA	265 U/L
Lipase	0–<19 yrs	NA	194 U/L	NA	194 U/L	NA	194 U/L	NA	194 U/L
Phosphate^a	0–<15 d	1.72 mmol/L	3.22 mmol/L	5.3 mg/dL	10.0 mg/dL	1.72 mmol/L	3.22 mmol/L	5.3 mg/dL	10.0 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.48 mmol/L	2.58 mmol/L	4.6 mg/dL	8.0 mg/dL	1.48 mmol/L	2.58 mmol/L	4.6 mg/dL	8.0 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	1.33 mmol/L	2.09 mmol/L	4.1 mg/dL	6.5 mg/dL	1.33 mmol/L	2.09 mmol/L	4.1 mg/dL	6.5 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	1.28 mmol/L	1.83 mmol/L	4.0 mg/dL	5.7 mg/dL	1.28 mmol/L	1.83 mmol/L	4.0 mg/dL	5.7 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	0.99 mmol/L	1.71 mmol/L	3.1 mg/dL	5.3 mg/dL	1.10 mmol/L	1.90 mmol/L	3.4 mg/dL	5.9 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.92 mmol/L	1.55 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	4.8 mg/dL	0.92 mmol/L	1.55 mmol/L	2.9 mg/dL	4.8 mg/dL
Prealbumin^a	0–<15 d	NA	0.10 g/L	NA	10 mg/dL	NA	0.10 g/L	NA	10 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.01 g/L	0.24 g/L	1 mg/dL	24 mg/dL	0.01 g/L	0.24 g/L	1 mg/dL	24 mg/dL
	1–<5 yrs	0.10 g/L	0.23 g/L	10 mg/dL	23 mg/dL	0.10 g/L	0.23 g/L	10 mg/dL	23 mg/dL
	5–<13 yrs	0.12 g/L	0.26 g/L	12 mg/dL	26 mg/dL	0.12 g/L	0.26 g/L	12 mg/dL	26 mg/dL
	13–<16 yrs	0.17 g/L	0.32 g/L	17 mg/dL	32 mg/dL	0.17 g/L	0.32 g/L	17 mg/dL	32 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	0.16 g/L	0.35 g/L	16 mg/dL	35 mg/dL	0.19 g/L	0.37 g/L	19 mg/dL	37 mg/dL
Total protein	0–<15 d	54 g/L	86 g/L	5.4 g/dL	8.6 g/dL	54 g/L	86 g/L	5.4 g/dL	8.6 g/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	45 g/L	73 g/L	4.5 g/dL	7.3 g/dL	45 g/L	73 g/L	4.5 g/dL	7.3 g/dL
	1–<6 yrs	63 g/L	78 g/L	6.3 g/dL	7.8 g/dL	63 g/L	78 g/L	6.3 g/dL	7.8 g/dL
	6–<9 yrs	66 g/L	80 g/L	6.6 g/dL	8.0 g/dL	66 g/L	80 g/L	6.6 g/dL	8.0 g/dL
	9–<19 yrs	67 g/L	84 g/L	6.7 g/dL	8.4 g/dL	67 g/L	84 g/L	6.7 g/dL	8.4 g/dL
Transferrin	0–<9 wks	0.97 g/L	2.29 g/L	97 mg/dL	229 mg/dL	0.97 g/L	2.29 g/L	97 mg/dL	229 mg/dL
	9 wks–<1 yr	1.01 g/L	3.39 g/L	101 mg/dL	339 mg/dL	1.01 g/L	3.39 g/L	101 mg/dL	339 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	2.25 g/L	3.54 g/L	225 mg/dL	354 mg/dL	2.25 g/L	3.54 g/L	225 mg/dL	354 mg/dL
Triglycerides^a	0–<15 d	0.99 mmol/L	3.12 mmol/L	88 mg/dL	276 mg/dL	0.99 mmol/L	3.12 mmol/L	88 mg/dL	276 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	0.64 mmol/L	3.11 mmol/L	57 mg/dL	275 mg/dL	0.64 mmol/L	3.11 mmol/L	57 mg/dL	275 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	0.53 mmol/L	2.38 mmol/L	47 mg/dL	210 mg/dL	0.53 mmol/L	2.38 mmol/L	47 mg/dL	210 mg/dL
Urea^a	0–<15 d	1.0 mmol/L	8.3 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	23 mg/dL	1.0 mmol/L	8.3 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	23 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	1.2 mmol/L	6.0 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	17 mg/dL	1.2 mmol/L	6.0 mmol/L	3 mg/dL	17 mg/dL
	1–<10 yrs	3.2 mmol/L	8.0 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	22 mg/dL	3.2 mmol/L	8.0 mmol/L	9 mg/dL	22 mg/dL
	10–<19 yrs	2.6 mmol/L	6.9 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	19 mg/dL	2.6 mmol/L	7.6 mmol/L	7 mg/dL	21 mg/dL
Uric acid	0–<15 d	132 µmol/L	654 µmol/L	2.2 mg/dL	11.0 mg/dL	132 µmol/L	654 µmol/L	2.2 mg/dL	11.0 mg/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	71 µmol/L	320 µmol/L	1.2 mg/dL	5.4 mg/dL	71 µmol/L	320 µmol/L	1.2 mg/dL	5.4 mg/dL
	1–<12 yrs	81 µmol/L	242 µmol/L	1.4 mg/dL	4.1 mg/dL	81 µmol/L	242 µmol/L	1.4 mg/dL	4.1 mg/dL
	12–<19 yrs	123 µmol/L	295 µmol/L	2.1 mg/dL	5.0 mg/dL	125 µmol/L	388 µmol/L	2.1 mg/dL	6.5 mg/dL

Reference interval value units are in Standard International units (SI units) and Conventional units (CON units).

Colored partitions indicate sex-specific differences within the age partitions.

Refer to the original publication [29] for additional information.

Approximately 200 patient samples were run on the Siemens Vista to transfer reference intervals from the Abbott ARCHITECT.

^a Reference interval did not verify. Use with caution. See original publication [29] for more information.

Table 9. Pediatric reference intervals for markers of metabolic disease, steroid hormones, and vitamins a and E (HPLC, UPLC, LC-MS/MS).

		Female reference interval					Male reference interval
			SI units		CON units			SI units		CON units
Analyte	Age	N	LL	UL	LL	UL	N	LL	UL	LL	UL
Alanine^a	0–<1 wk	76	175 µmol/L	427 µmol/L	175 nmol/mL	427 nmol/mL	76	175 µmol/L	427 µmol/L	175 nmol/mL	427 nmol/mL
	1 wk–<19 yrs	426	208 µmol/L	588 µmol/L	208 nmol/mL	588 nmol/mL	426	208 µmol/L	588 µmol/L	208 nmol/mL	588 nmol/mL
Alloisoleucine^a	0–<12 yrs	535	0 µmol/L	<2 µmol/L	0 nmol/mL	<2 nmol/mL	535	0 µmol/L	<2 µmol/L	0 nmol/mL	<2 nmol/mL
	12–<19 yrs	64	NA	<2 µmol/L	NA	<2 nmol/mL	58	<2 µmol/L	3 µmol/L	<2 nmol/mL	3 nmol/mL
Androstenedione^b	0–<14 d	27	0.00 nmol/L	2.54 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	73 ng/dL	27	0.00 nmol/L	2.54 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	73 ng/dL
	14 d–<1 yr	68	0.09 nmol/L	5.70 nmol/L	3 ng/dL	163 ng/dL	68	0.09 nmol/L	5.70 nmol/L	3 ng/dL	163 ng/dL
	1–<6 yrs	58	0.09 nmol/L	0.57 nmol/L	3 ng/dL	16 ng/dL	58	0.09 nmol/L	0.57 nmol/L	3 ng/dL	16 ng/dL
	6–<10 yrs	46	0.20 nmol/L	0.92 nmol/L	6 ng/dL	26 ng/dL	46	0.20 nmol/L	0.92 nmol/L	6 ng/dL	26 ng/dL
	10–<12 yrs	24	0.00 nmol/L	2.54 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	73 ng/dL	24	0.00 nmol/L	2.54 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	73 ng/dL
	12–<15 yrs	17	0.74 nmol/L	6.01 nmol/L	21 ng/dL	172 ng/dL	16	0.51 nmol/L	2.01 nmol/L	15 ng/dL	58 ng/dL
	15–<19 yrs	37	0.48 nmol/L	6.45 nmol/L	14 ng/dL	185 ng/dL	34	0.87 nmol/L	3.55 nmol/L	25 ng/dL	102 ng/dL
α-Aminoadipic acid^a	0–<1 yr	243	<2 µmol/L	3 µmol/L	<2 nmol/mL	3 nmol/mL	243	<2 µmol/L	3 µmol/L	<2 nmol/mL	3 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	277	NA	<2 µmol/L	NA	<2 nmol/mL	277	NA	<2 µmol/L	NA	<2 nmol/mL
α-Amino-n-butyric acid^a	0–<1 wk	88	7 µmol/L	42 µmol/L	7 nmol/mL	42 nmol/mL	88	7 µmol/L	42 µmol/L	7 nmol/mL	42 nmol/mL
	1–<2 wks	42	8 µmol/L	42 µmol/L	8 nmol/mL	42 nmol/mL	42	8 µmol/L	42 µmol/L	8 nmol/mL	42 nmol/mL
	2 wks–19 yrs	376	8 µmol/L	30 µmol/L	8 nmol/mL	30 nmol/mL	376	8 µmol/L	30 µmol/L	8 nmol/mL	30 nmol/mL
β-Alanine^a	0–<13 yrs	419	3 µmol/L	27 µmol/L	3 nmol/mL	27 nmol/mL	417	3 µmol/L	27 µmol/L	3 nmol/mL	27 nmol/mL
	13–<19yrs	43	1 µmol/L	8 µmol/L	1 nmol/mL	8 nmol/mL	50	5 µmol/L	20 µmol/L	5 nmol/mL	20 nmol/mL
β-Aminobutyric acid^a	0–<1 yr	235	<2 µmol/L	19 µmol/L	<2 nmol/mL	19 nmol/mL	2535	<2 µmol/L	19 µmol/L	<2 nmol/mL	19 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	277	NA	<2 µmol/L	NA	<2 nmol/mL	277	NA	<2 µmol/L	NA	<2 nmol/mL
Anserine^a	0–<1 yr	536	<2 µmol/L	5 µmol/L	<2 nmol/mL	5 nmol/mL	536	<2 µmol/L	5 µmol/L	<2 nmol/mL	5 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	277	NA	<2 μmol/L	NA	<2 nmol/mL	277	NA	<2 µmol/L	NA	<2 nmol/mL
Arginine^a	0–<1 m	152	2 µmol/L	118 µmol/L	2 nmol/mL	118 nmol/mL	152	2 µmol/L	118 µmol/L	2 nmol/mL	118 nmol/mL
	1 m–<1 yr	77	47 µmol/L	138 µmol/L	47 nmol/mL	138 nmol/mL	77	47 µmol/L	138 µmol/L	47 nmol/mL	138 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	284	66 µmol/L	150 µmol/L	66 nmol/mL	150 nmol/mL	284	66 µmol/L	150 µmol/L	66 nmol/mL	150 nmol/mL
Asparagine^a	0–<19 yrs	493	38 µmol/L	91 µmol/L	38 nmol/mL	91 nmol/mL	493	38 µmol/L	91 µmol/L	38 nmol/mL	91 nmol/mL
Aspartic acid^a	0–<2 wks	128	19 µmol/L	121 µmol/L	19 nmol/mL	121 nmol/mL	128	19 µmol/L	121 µmol/L	19 nmol/mL	121 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	362	20 µmol/L	42 µmol/L	20 nmol/mL	42 nmol/mL	362	20 µmol/L	42 µmol/L	20 nmol/mL	42 nmol/mL
C2^a	0–<1 wk	60	8.2 µmol/L	58.1 µmol/L	8.22 nmol/mL	58.13 nmol/mL	60	8.2 µmol/L	58.1 µmol/L	8.22 nmol/mL	58.13 nmol/mL
	1–<2 wks	66	3.4 µmol/L	27.3 µmol/L	3.36 nmol/mL	27.29 nmol/mL	66	3.4 µmol/L	27.3 µmol/L	3.36 nmol/mL	27.29 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	92	11.3 µmol/L	27.9 µmol/L	11.32 nmol/mL	27.88 nmol/mL	92	11.3 µmol/L	27.9 µmol/L	11.32 nmol/mL	27.88 nmol/mL
	1–<19yrs	278	7.0 µmol/L	20.9 µmol/L	7.04 nmol/mL	20.92 nmol/mL	278	7.0 µmol/L	20.9 µmol/L	7.04 nmol/mL	20.92 nmol/mL
C3^a	0–<2 wks	123	0.10 µmol/L	0.42 µmol/L	0.10 nmol/mL	0.42 nmol/mL	123	0.10 µmol/L	0.42 µmol/L	0.10 nmol/mL	0.42 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<12 yrs	243	0.16 µmol/L	0.70 µmol/L	0.16 nmol/mL	0.70 nmol/mL	243	0.16 µmol/L	0.70 µmol/L	0.16 nmol/mL	0.70 nmol/mL
	12–<19 yrs	55	0.18 µmol/L	0.46 µmol/L	0.18 nmol/mL	0.46 nmol/mL	55	0.18 µmol/L	0.46 µmol/L	0.18 nmol/mL	0.46 nmol/mL
C3-DC^a	0–<1 yr	225	0.02 µmol/L	0.10 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.10 nmol/mL	225	0.02 µmol/L	0.10 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.10 nmol/mL
	1–<7 yrs	88	0.01 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL	88	0.01 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL
	7–<19 yrs	192	0.02 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL	192	0.02 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL
C4^a	0–<19 yrs	506	0.1 µmol/L	0.4 µmol/L	0.10 nmol/mL	0.40 nmol/mL	506	0.1 µmol/L	0.4 µmol/L	0.10 nmol/mL	0.40 nmol/mL
C4-DC^a	0–<19 yrs	488	0.04 µmol/L	0.10 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.10 nmol/mL	488	0.04 µmol/L	0.10 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.10 nmol/mL
C5:1^a	0–<1 wk	62	0.01 µmol/L	0.05 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.05 nmol/mL	62	0.01 µmol/L	0.05 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.05 nmol/mL
	1–<2 wks	51	0.01 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL	51	0.01 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	97	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL	97	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL
	1–<19yrs	281	0.01 µmol/L	0.03 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.03 nmol/mL	281	0.01 µmol/L	0.03 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.03 nmol/mL
C5^a	0–<1 wk	62	0.06 µmol/L	0.32 µmol/L	0.06 nmol/mL	0.32 nmol/mL	62	0.06 µmol/L	0.32 µmol/L	0.06 nmol/mL	0.32 nmol/mL
	1–<2 wks	62	0.04 µmol/L	0.32 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.32 nmol/mL	62	0.04 µmol/L	0.32 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.32 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	382	0.05 µmol/L	0.23 µmol/L	0.05 nmol/mL	0.23 nmol/mL	382	0.05 µmol/L	0.23 µmol/L	0.05 nmol/mL	0.23 nmol/mL
C5-DC^a	0–<2 wks	129	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL	129	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<7 yrs	176	0.01 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL	176	0.01 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL
	7–<12 yrs	68	0.02 µmol/L	0.05 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.05 nmol/mL	68	0.02 µmol/L	0.05 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.05 nmol/mL
	12–<19 yrs	117	0.02 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL	117	0.02 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL
C5-OH^a	0–<1 wk	63	0.02 µmol/L	0.12 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.12 nmol/mL	63	0.02 µmol/L	0.12 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.12 nmol/mL
	1–<2 wks	62	0.02 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL	62	0.02 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	359	0.02 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL	359	0.02 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL
C6^a	0–<2 wks	124	0.02 µmol/L	0.13 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.13 nmol/mL	124	0.02 µmol/L	0.13 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.13 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	378	0.01 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL	378	0.01 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL
C6-DC^a	0–<2 wks	116	0.07 µmol/L	0.24 µmol/L	0.07 nmol/mL	0.24 nmol/mL	116	0.07 µmol/L	0.24 µmol/L	0.07 nmol/mL	0.24 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	98	0.04 µmol/L	0.17 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.17 nmol/mL	98	0.04 µmol/L	0.17 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.17 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	275	0.05 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.05 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL	275	0.05 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.05 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL
C8:1^a	0–<19 yrs	494	0.05 µmol/L	0.34 µmol/L	0.05 nmol/mL	0.34 nmol/mL	494	0.05 µmol/L	0.34 µmol/L	0.05 nmol/mL	0.34 nmol/mL
C8^a	0–<1 wk	61	0.04 µmol/L	0.18 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.18 nmol/mL	61	0.04 µmol/L	0.18 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.18 nmol/mL
	1–<2 wks	63	0.04 µmol/L	0.33 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.33 nmol/mL	63	0.04 µmol/L	0.33 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.33 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	99	0.02 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL	99	0.02 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL
	1–<7 yrs	87	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL	87	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL
	7–<19yrs	196	0.02 µmol/L	0.16 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.16 nmol/mL	196	0.02 µmol/L	0.16 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.16 nmol/mL
C10:1^a	0–<1 yr	228	0.05 µmol/L	0.26 µmol/L	0.05 nmol/mL	0.26 nmol/mL	228	0.05 µmol/L	0.26 µmol/L	0.05 nmol/mL	0.26 nmol/mL
	1–<7 yrs	78	0.03 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL	78	0.03 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL
	7–<19 yrs	193	0.04 µmol/L	0.30 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.30 nmol/mL	193	0.04 µmol/L	0.30 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.30 nmol/mL
C10^a	0–<2 wks	102	0.08 µmol/L	0.38 µmol/L	0.08 nmol/mL	0.38 nmol/mL	102	0.08 µmol/L	0.38 µmol/L	0.08 nmol/mL	0.38 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	98	0.03 µmol/L	0.27 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.27 nmol/mL	98	0.03 µmol/L	0.27 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.27 nmol/mL
	1–<7 yrs	87	0.02 µmol/L	0.19 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.19 nmol/mL	87	0.02 µmol/L	0.19 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.19 nmol/mL
	7–<19 yrs	196	0.03 µmol/L	0.35 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.35 nmol/mL	196	0.03 µmol/L	0.35 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.35 nmol/mL
C12:1^a	0–<2 wks	130	0.01 µmol/L	0.29 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.29 nmol/mL	130	0.01 µmol/L	0.29 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.29 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	384	0.01 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL	384	0.01 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL
C12^a	0–<2 wks	127	0.01 µmol/L	0.26 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.26 nmol/mL	127	0.01 µmol/L	0.26 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.26 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	100	0.02 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL	100	0.02 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	279	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL	279	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL
C12-OH^a	0–<2 wks	129	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL	129	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	370	0.01 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL	370	0.01 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL
C14:2^a	0–<1 yr	226	0.02 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL	226	0.02 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL
	1–<7 yrs	87	0.01 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL	87	0.01 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL
	7–<12 yrs	73	0.01 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL	73	0.01 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL
	12–<19 yrs	117	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL	117	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL
C14:1^a	0–<2 wks	130	0.02 µmol/L	0.39 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.39 nmol/mL	130	0.02 µmol/L	0.39 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.39 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<12 yrs	259	0.01 µmol/L	0.12 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.12 nmol/mL	259	0.01 µmol/L	0.12 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.12 nmol/mL
	12–<19 yrs	120	0.02 µmol/L	0.22 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.22 nmol/mL	120	0.02 µmol/L	0.22 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.22 nmol/mL
C14^a	0–<2 wks	127	0.02 µmol/L	0.22 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.22 nmol/mL	127	0.02 µmol/L	0.22 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.22 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	90	0.02 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL	90	0.02 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	273	0.01 µmol/L	0.05 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.05 nmol/mL	273	0.01 µmol/L	0.05 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.05 nmol/mL
C14:1-OH^a	0–<2 wks	130	0.01 µmol/L	0.08 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.08 nmol/mL	130	0.01 µmol/L	0.08 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.08 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	378	0.01 µmol/L	0.03 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.03 nmol/mL	378	0.01 µmol/L	0.03 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.03 nmol/mL
C14-OH^a	0–<1 wk	63	0.01 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL	63	0.01 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL
	1–<2 wks	58	0.01 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL	58	0.01 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	96	0.01 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL	96	0.01 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL
	1–<7 yrs	83	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL	83	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL
	7–<19 yrs	168	0.01 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL	168	0.01 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL
C16:1^a	0–<1 wk	63	0.01 µmol/L	0.23 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.23 nmol/mL	63	0.01 µmol/L	0.23 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.23 nmol/mL
	1–<2 wks	66	0.01 µmol/L	0.21 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.21 nmol/mL	66	0.01 µmol/L	0.21 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.21 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<12 yrs	254	0.01 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL	254	0.01 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL
	12–<19 yrs	119	0.01 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL	119	0.01 µmol/L	0.06 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.06 nmol/mL
C16^a	0–<2 wks	128	0.04 µmol/L	0.60 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.60 nmol/mL	128	0.04 µmol/L	0.60 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.60 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	98	0.04 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL	98	0.04 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	278	0.03 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL	278	0.03 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL
C16:1-OH^a	0–<2 wks	123	0.00 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL	123	0.00 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	372	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL	372	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL
C16-OH^a	0–<2 wks	109	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL	109	0.01 µmol/L	0.09 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.09 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	329	0.00 µmol/L	0.01 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.01 nmol/mL	329	0.00 µmol/L	0.01 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.01 nmol/mL
C18:2^a	0–<19 yrs	507	0.02 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL	507	0.02 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL
C18:1^a	0–<2 wks	126	0.03 µmol/L	0.25 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.25 nmol/mL	126	0.03 µmol/L	0.25 µmol/L	0.03 nmol/mL	0.25 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	354	0.04 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL	354	0.04 µmol/L	0.14 µmol/L	0.04 nmol/mL	0.14 nmol/mL
C18^a	0–<2 wks	125	0.01 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL	125	0.01 µmol/L	0.11 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.11 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	374	0.02 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL	374	0.02 µmol/L	0.07 µmol/L	0.02 nmol/mL	0.07 nmol/mL
C18:2-OH^a	0–<1 wk	62	0.00 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL	62	0.00 µmol/L	0.04 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.04 nmol/mL
	1 wk–<1 yr	124	0.01 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL	124	0.01 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.01 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	246	0.00 µmol/L	0.01 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.01 nmol/mL	246	0.00 µmol/L	0.01 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.01 nmol/mL
C18:1-OH^a	0–<2 wks	116	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL	116	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	372	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL	372	0.00 µmol/L	0.02 µmol/L	0.00 nmol/mL	0.02 nmol/mL
Carnosine^a	0–<1 m	149	1 µmol/L	19 µmol/L	1 nmol/mL	19 nmol/mL	149	1 µmol/L	19 µmol/L	1 nmol/mL	19 nmol/mL
	1 m–<19 yrs	372	2 µmol/L	7 µmol/L	2 nmol/mL	7 nmol/mL	372	2 µmol/L	7 µmol/L	2 nmol/mL	7 nmol/mL
Citrulline^a	0–<1 yr	233	9 µmol/L	44 µmol/L	9 nmol/mL	44 nmol/mL	233	9 µmol/L	44 µmol/L	9 nmol/mL	44 nmol/mL
	1–<13 yrs	182	16 µmol/L	41 µmol/L	16 nmol/mL	41 nmol/mL	182	16 µmol/L	41 µmol/L	16 nmol/mL	41 nmol/mL
	13–<19 yrs	107	15 µmol/L	36 µmol/L	15 nmol/mL	36 nmol/mL	107	15 µmol/L	36 µmol/L	15 nmol/mL	36 nmol/mL
Corticosterone^b	0–<1 m	33	0.14 nmol/L	20.00 nmol/L	4.844 ng/dL	692.042 ng/dL	33	0.14 nmol/L	20.00 nmol/L	4.844 ng/dL	692.042 ng/dL
	1 m–<1 yr	48	0.28 nmol/L	15.40 nmol/L	9.689 ng/dL	532.872 ng/dL	48	0.28 nmol/L	15.40 nmol/L	9.689 ng/dL	532.872 ng/dL
	1–<4 yrs	30	0.62 nmol/L	3.72 nmol/L	21.453 ng/dL	128.720 ng/dL	30	0.62 nmol/L	3.72 nmol/L	21.453 ng/dL	128.720 ng/dL
	4–<6 yrs	20	0.95 nmol/L	4.11 nmol/L	32.872 ng/dL	142.215 ng/dL	20	0.95 nmol/L	4.11 nmol/L	32.872 ng/dL	142.215 ng/dL
	6–<15 yrs	96	0.44 nmol/L	9.19 nmol/L	15.225 ng/dL	317.993 ng/dL	96	0.44 nmol/L	9.19 nmol/L	15.225 ng/dL	317.993 ng/dL
	15–<19 yrs	63	0.85 nmol/L	15.24 nmol/L	29.412 ng/dL	527.336 ng/dL	63	0.85 nmol/L	15.24 nmol/L	29.412 ng/dL	527.336 ng/dL
Cortisol^b	0–<2 yrs	108	5 nmol/L	529 nmol/L	0.2 µg/dL	19.2 µg/dL	108	5 nmol/L	529 nmol/L	0.2 µg/dL	19.2 µg/dL
	2–<7 yrs	55	32 nmol/L	269 nmol/L	1.2 µg/dL	9.8 µg/dL	55	32 nmol/L	269 nmol/L	1.2 µg/dL	9.8 µg/dL
	7–<15 yrs	96	52 nmol/L	358 nmol/L	1.9 µg/dL	13.0 µg/dL	96	52 nmol/L	358 nmol/L	1.9 µg/dL	13.0 µg/dL
	15–<19 yrs	69	81 nmol/L	510 nmol/L	2.9 µg/dL	18.5 µg/dL	69	81 nmol/L	510 nmol/L	2.9 µg/dL	18.5 µg/dL
Cystathionine^a	0–<1 yr	306	<2 µmol/L	9 µmol/L	<2 nmol/mL	9 nmol/mL	306	<2 µmol/L	9 µmol/L	<2 nmol/mL	9 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	300	NA	<2 µmol/L	NA	<2 nmol/mL	300	NA	<2 µmol/L	NA	<2 nmol/mL
Cystine^a	0–<6 d	62	16 µmol/L	51 µmol/L	16 nmol/mL	51 nmol/mL	64	16 µmol/L	53 µmol/L	16 nmol/mL	53 nmol/mL
	6 d–<2 wks	67	7 µmol/L	57 µmol/L	7 nmol/mL	57 nmol/mL	67	7 µmol/L	57 µmol/L	7 nmol/mL	57 nmol/mL
	2 wk–<8 yrs	200	3 µmol/L	20 µmol/L	3 nmol/mL	20 nmol/mL	200	3 µmol/L	20 µmol/L	3 nmol/mL	20 nmol/mL
	8–<19yrs	181	4 µmol/L	28 µmol/L	4 nmol/mL	28 nmol/mL	181	4 µmol/L	28 µmol/L	4 nmol/mL	28 nmol/mL
11-Deoxycortisol^b	0–<1 yr	89	0.00 nmol/L	5.30 nmol/L	0.000 ng/dL	0.153 ng/dL	89	0.00 nmol/L	5.30 nmol/L	0.000 ng/dL	0.153 ng/dL
	1–<2 yrs	14	0.10 nmol/L	0.88 nmol/L	0.003 ng/dL	0.025 ng/dL	14	0.10 nmol/L	0.88 nmol/L	0.003 ng/dL	0.025 ng/dL
	2–<7 yrs	49	0.07 nmol/L	1.07 nmol/L	0.002 ng/dL	0.031 ng/dL	49	0.07 nmol/L	1.07 nmol/L	0.002 ng/dL	0.031 ng/dL
	7–<12 yrs	59	0.09 nmol/L	2.27 nmol/L	0.003 ng/dL	0.066 ng/dL	59	0.09 nmol/L	2.27 nmol/L	0.003 ng/dL	0.066 ng/dL
	12–<19 yrs	100	0.00 nmol/L	2.28 nmol/L	0.000 ng/dL	0.066 ng/dL	100	0.00 nmol/L	2.28 nmol/L	0.000 ng/dL	0.066 ng/dL
Eth/asa/Sarc^a	0–<2 wks	129	23 µmol/L	110 µmol/L	23 nmol/mL	110 nmol/mL	129	23 µmol/L	110 µmol/L	23 nmol/mL	110 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	89	9 µmol/L	27 µmol/L	9 nmol/mL	27 nmol/mL	89	9 µmol/L	27 µmol/L	9 nmol/mL	27 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	288	8 µmol/L	18 µmol/L	8 nmol/mL	18 nmol/mL	288	8 µmol/L	18 µmol/L	8 nmol/mL	18 nmol/mL
Glutamic acid^a	0–<2 wks	138	91 µmol/L	401 µmol/L	91 nmol/mL	401 nmol/mL	138	91 µmol/L	401 µmol/L	91 nmol/mL	401 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	93	74 µmol/L	266 µmol/L	74 nmol/mL	266 nmol/mL	93	74 µmol/L	266 µmol/L	74 nmol/mL	266 nmol/mL
	1–<9 yrs	280	52 µmol/L	137 µmol/L	52 nmol/mL	137 nmol/mL	280	52 µmol/L	137 µmol/L	52 nmol/mL	137 nmol/mL
Glutamine^a	0–<1 wk	80	451 µmol/L	1113 µmol/L	451 nmol/mL	1113 nmol/mL	80	451 µmol/L	1113 µmol/L	451 nmol/mL	1113 nmol/mL
	1 wk–<1 yr	124	332 µmol/L	789 µmol/L	332 nmol/mL	789 nmol/mL	124	332 µmol/L	789 µmol/L	332 nmol/mL	789 nmol/mL
	1–<9 yrs	119	417 µmol/L	678 µmol/L	417 nmol/mL	678 nmol/mL	119	417 µmol/L	678 µmol/L	417 nmol/mL	678 nmol/mL
	9–<19 yrs	164	467 µmol/L	755 µmol/L	467 nmol/mL	755 nmol/mL	164	467 µmol/L	755 µmol/L	467 nmol/mL	755 nmol/mL
Glycine^a	0–<2 wks	134	299 µmol/L	782 µmol/L	299 nmol/mL	782 nmol/mL	134	299 µmol/L	782 µmol/L	299 nmol/mL	782 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<13 yrs	266	196 µmol/L	398 µmol/L	196 nmol/mL	398 nmol/mL	266	196 µmol/L	398 µmol/L	196 nmol/mL	398 nmol/mL
	13–<19 yrs	104	218 µmol/L	407 µmol/L	218 nmol/mL	407 nmol/mL	104	218 µmol/L	407 µmol/L	218 nmol/mL	407 nmol/mL
Histidine^a	0–<2 wks	133	45 µmol/L	168 µmol/L	45 nmol/mL	168 nmol/mL	133	45 µmol/L	168 µmol/L	45 nmol/mL	168 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	365	65 µmol/L	113 µmol/L	65 nmol/mL	113 nmol/mL	365	65 µmol/L	113 µmol/L	65 nmol/mL	113 nmol/mL
Isoleucine^a	0–<2 wks	142	25 µmol/L	129 µmol/L	25 nmol/mL	129 nmol/mL	142	25 µmol/L	129 µmol/L	25 nmol/mL	129 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	92	30 µmol/L	113 µmol/L	30 nmol/mL	113 nmol/mL	92	30 µmol/L	113 µmol/L	30 nmol/mL	113 nmol/mL
	1 yr–<12 yrs	158	43 µmol/L	129 µmol/L	43 nmol/mL	129 nmol/mL	158	43 µmol/L	129 µmol/L	43 nmol/mL	129 nmol/mL
	12–<19 yrs	53	32 µmol/L	68 µmol/L	32 nmol/mL	68 nmol/mL	50	53 µmol/L	127 µmol/L	53 nmol/mL	127 nmol/mL
Leucine^a	0–<1 wk	90	46 µmol/L	165 µmol/L	46 nmol/mL	165 nmol/mL	90	46 µmol/L	165 µmol/L	46 nmol/mL	165 nmol/mL
	1 wk–<1 yr	139	55 µmol/L	188 µmol/L	55 nmol/mL	188 nmol/mL	139	55 µmol/L	188 µmol/L	55 nmol/mL	188 nmol/mL
	1–<11 yrs	152	85 µmol/L	226 µmol/L	85 nmol/mL	226 nmol/mL	152	85 µmol/L	226 µmol/L	85 nmol/mL	226 nmol/mL
	11–<19 yrs	64	84 µmol/L	152 µmol/L	84 nmol/mL	152 nmol/mL	59	103 µmol/L	227 µmol/L	103 nmol/mL	227 nmol/mL
Lysine^a	0–<2 wks	134	90 µmol/L	319 µmol/L	90 nmol/mL	319 nmol/mL	134	90 µmol/L	319 µmol/L	90 nmol/mL	319 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	373	102 µmol/L	259 µmol/L	102 nmol/mL	259 nmol/mL	373	102 µmol/L	259 µmol/L	102 nmol/mL	259 nmol/mL
1-Methylhistidine^a	0–<1wk	88	0 µmol/L	20 µmol/L	0 nmol/mL	20 nmol/mL	88	0 µmol/L	20 µmol/L	0 nmol/mL	20 nmol/mL
	1–<2 wks	42	0 µmol/L	19 µmol/L	0 nmol/mL	19 nmol/mL	42	0 µmol/L	19 µmol/L	0 nmol/mL	19 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	384	1 µmol/L	30 µmol/L	1 nmol/mL	30 nmol/mL	384	1 µmol/L	30 µmol/L	1 nmol/mL	30 nmol/mL
3-Methylhistidine^a	1–<1 wk	91	6 µmol/L	21 µmol/L	6 nmol/mL	21 nmol/mL	91	6 µmol/L	21 µmol/L	6 nmol/mL	21 nmol/mL
	1 wk–<1 yr	142	4 µmol/L	18 µmol/L	4 nmol/mL	18 nmol/mL	142	4 µmol/L	18 µmol/L	4 nmol/mL	18 nmol/mL
	1–<4 yrs	55	3 µmol/L	23 µmol/L	3 nmol/mL	23 nmol/mL	55	3 µmol/L	23 µmol/L	3 nmol/mL	23 nmol/mL
	4–<19 yrs	220	4 µmol/L	12 µmol/L	4 nmol/mL	12 nmol/mL	220	4 µmol/L	12 µmol/L	4 nmol/mL	12 nmol/mL
Methionine^a	0–<19 yrs	519	13 µmol/L	44 µmol/L	13 nmol/mL	44 nmol/mL	519	13 µmol/L	44 µmol/L	13 nmol/mL	44 nmol/mL
Ornithine^a	0–<2 wks	142	82 µmol/L	365 µmol/L	82 nmol/mL	365 nmol/mL	142	82 µmol/L	365 µmol/L	82 nmol/mL	365 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	87	40 µmol/L	132 µmol/L	40 nmol/mL	132 nmol/mL	87	40 µmol/L	132 µmol/L	40 nmol/mL	132 nmol/mL
	1–<13 yrs	183	34 µmol/L	94 µmol/L	34 nmol/mL	94 nmol/mL	183	34 µmol/L	94 µmol/L	34 nmol/mL	94 nmol/mL
	13–<19 yrs	56	30 µmol/L	108 µmol/L	30 nmol/mL	108 nmol/mL	51	46 µmol/L	114 µmol/L	46 nmol/mL	114 nmol/mL
17-OH-Progesterone^b	0–<14 d	27	0.00 nmol/L	4.83 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	160 ng/dL	27	0.00 nmol/L	4.83 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	160 ng/dL
	14 d–<1 yr	61	0.06 nmol/L	3.39 nmol/L	2 ng/dL	112 ng/dL	61	0.06 nmol/L	3.39 nmol/L	2 ng/dL	112 ng/dL
	1–<12 yrs	118	0.09 nmol/L	1.06 nmol/L	3 ng/dL	35 ng/dL	118	0.09 nmol/L	1.06 nmol/L	3 ng/dL	35 ng/dL
	12–<14 yrs	23	0.00 nmol/L	1.95 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	64 ng/dL	23	0.00 nmol/L	1.95 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	64 ng/dL
	14–<16 yrs	22	0.00 nmol/L	4.15 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	137 ng/dL	22	0.00 nmol/L	4.15 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	137 ng/dL
	16–<19 yrs	56	0.02 nmol/L	3.90 nmol/L	1 ng/dL	129 ng/dL	56	0.02 nmol/L	3.90 nmol/L	1 ng/dL	129 ng/dL
21-OH-Progesterone^b	0–<1 yr	36	0.07 nmol/L	0.76 nmol/L	2 ng/dL	25 ng/dL	36	0.07 nmol/L	0.76 nmol/L	2 ng/dL	25 ng/dL
	1–<2 yrs	13	0.03 nmol/L	0.25 nmol/L	1 ng/dL	8 ng/dL	13	0.03 nmol/L	0.25 nmol/L	1 ng/dL	8 ng/dL
	2–<12 yrs	104	0.00 nmol/L	0.15 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	5 ng/dL	104	0.00 nmol/L	0.15 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	5 ng/dL
	12–<19 yrs	102	0.00 nmol/L	0.24 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	8 ng/dL	102	0.00 nmol/L	0.24 nmol/L	0 ng/dL	8 ng/dL
Phenylalanine^a	0–<2 wks	141	49 µmol/L	107 µmol/L	49 nmol/mL	107 nmol/mL	141	49 µmol/L	107 µmol/L	49 nmol/mL	107 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	88	52 µmol/L	116 µmol/L	52 nmol/mL	116 nmol/mL	88	52 µmol/L	116 µmol/L	52 nmol/mL	116 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	268	55 µmol/L	101 µmol/L	55 nmol/mL	101 nmol/mL	268	55 µmol/L	101 µmol/L	55 nmol/mL	101 nmol/mL
Phosphoserine^a	0–<19 yrs	536	NA	<3 µmol/L	NA	<3 nmol/mL	536	NA	<3 µmol/L	NA	<3 nmol/mL
Progesterone^b	0–<12 yrs	92	0.00 nmol/L	0.71 nmol/L	0.00 ng/dL	0.71 ng/dL	98	0.00 nmol/L	0.81 nmol/L	0.00 ng/dL	0.81 ng/dL
	12–<19 yrs	47	0.11 nmol/L	6.98 nmol/L	0.11 ng/dL	6.98 ng/dL	55	0.10 nmol/L	0.96 nmol/L	0.10 ng/dL	0.96 ng/dL
Proline^a	0–<1 yr	221	127 µmol/L	292 µmol/L	127 nmol/mL	292 nmol/mL	221	127 µmol/L	292 µmol/L	127 nmol/mL	292 nmol/mL
	1–<13 yrs	182	118 µmol/L	372 µmol/L	118 nmol/mL	372 nmol/mL	182	118 µmol/L	372 µmol/L	118 nmol/mL	372 nmol/mL
	13–<19 yrs	103	116 µmol/L	360 µmol/L	116 nmol/mL	360 nmol/mL	103	116 µmol/L	360 µmol/L	116 nmol/mL	360 nmol/mL
Sarcosine^a	0–<19 yrs	536	NA	<4 µmol/mL	NA	<4 nmol/L	536	NA	<4 µmol/L	NA	<4 nmol/L
Serine^a	0–<2 wks	132	199 µmol/L	843 µmol/L	199 nmol/mL	843 nmol/mL	132	199 µmol/L	843 µmol/L	199 nmol/mL	843 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	377	112 µmol/L	216 µmol/L	112 nmol/mL	216 nmol/mL	377	112 µmol/L	216 µmol/L	112 nmol/mL	216 nmol/mL
Taurine^a	0–<2 wks	112	87 µmol/L	375 µmol/L	87 nmol/mL	375 nmol/mL	112	87 µmol/L	375 µmol/L	87 nmol/mL	375 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<19 yrs	385	55 µmol/L	204 µmol/L	55 nmol/mL	204 nmol/mL	385	55 µmol/L	204 µmol/L	55 nmol/mL	204 nmol/mL
Testosterone^b	0–<15 d	13	0.06 nmol/L	0.43 nmol/L	1.7 ng/dL	13.4 ng/dL	18	0.25 nmol/L	6.36 nmol/L	7.2 ng/dL	183.3 ng/dL
	15 d–<1 yr	28	0.02 nmol/L	0.22 nmol/L	0.6 ng/dL	6.3 ng/dL	34	0.05 nmol/L	8.90 nmol/L	1.4 ng/dL	256.5 ng/dL
	1–<13 yrs	138	0.06 nmol/L	1.12 nmol/L	1.7 ng/dL	32.3 ng/dL	138	0.06 nmol/L	1.12 nmol/L	1.7 ng/dL	32.3 ng/dL
	13–<16 yrs	17	0.50 nmol/L	1.36 nmol/L	14.4 ng/dL	39.2 ng/dL	18	0.97 nmol/L	15.70 nmol/L	28.0 ng/dL	452.5 ng/dL
	16–<19 yrs	31	0.11 nmol/L	2.31 nmol/L	3.2 ng/dL	66.6 ng/dL	30	0.86 nmol/L	23.40 nmol/L	27.7 ng/dL	674.4 ng/dL
Threonine^a	0–<1 yr	229	81 µmol/L	313 µmol/L	81 nmol/mL	313 nmol/mL	229	81 µmol/L	313 µmol/L	81 nmol/mL	313 nmol/mL
	1–<19 yrs	291	72 µmol/L	185 µmol/L	72 nmol/mL	185 nmol/mL	291	72 µmol/L	185 µmol/L	72 nmol/mL	185 nmol/mL
Tyrosine^a	0–<2 wks	136	27 µmol/L	187 µmol/L	27 nmol/mL	187 nmol/mL	136	27 µmol/L	187 µmol/L	27 nmol/mL	187 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<1 yr	90	34 µmol/L	151 µmol/L	34 nmol/mL	151 nmol/mL	90	34 µmol/L	151 µmol/L	34 nmol/mL	151 nmol/mL
	1–<13 yrs	180	45 µmol/L	126 µmol/L	45 nmol/mL	126 nmol/mL	180	45 µmol/L	126 µmol/L	45 nmol/mL	126 nmol/mL
	13–<19yrs	104	34 µmol/L	88 µmol/L	34 nmol/mL	88 nmol/mL	104	34 µmol/L	88 µmol/L	34 nmol/mL	88 nmol/mL
Valine^a	0–<2 wks	141	87 µmol/L	326 µmol/L	87 nmol/mL	326 nmol/mL	141	87 µmol/L	326 µmol/L	87 nmol/mL	326 nmol/mL
	2 wks–<13 yrs	270	128 µmol/L	361 µmol/L	128 nmol/mL	361 nmol/mL	270	128 µmol/L	361 µmol/L	128 nmol/mL	361 nmol/mL
	13–<19 yrs	51	155 µmol/L	259 µmol/L	155 nmol/mL	259 nmol/mL	46	166 µmol/L	301 µmol/L	166 nmol/mL	301 nmol/mL
Vitamin A^c	0–<1 yr	86	0 µmol/L	2 µmol/L	8.0 mg/dL	53.6 mg/dL	86	0 µmol/L	2 µmol/L	8.0 mg/dL	53.6 mg/dL
	1–<11 yrs	100	1 µmol/L	2 µmol/L	27.5 mg/dL	44.4 mg/dL	100	1 µmol/L	2 µmol/L	27.5 mg/dL	44.4 mg/dL
	11–<16 yrs	71	1 µmol/L	2 µmol/L	24.9 mg/dL	55.0 mg/dL	71	1 µmol/L	2 µmol/L	24.9 mg/dL	55.0 mg/dL
	16–<19 yrs	50	1 µmol/L	3 µmol/L	28.7 mg/dL	75.1 mg/dL	50	1 µmol/L	3 µmol/L	28.7 mg/dL	75.1 mg/dL
Vitamin E^c	0–<1 yr	85	5.0 µmol/L	50.0 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	2.1 mg/dL	85	5.0 µmol/L	50.0 µmol/L	0.2 mg/dL	2.1 mg/dL
	1–<19 yrs	245	14.5 µmol/L	33.0 µmol/L	0.6 mg/dL	1.4 mg/dL	245	14.5 µmol/L	33.0 µmol/L	0.6 mg/dL	1.4 mg/dL
E:C ratio^c (vitamin E–total cholesterol)	1–<19 yrs	82	3.7 µmol/L : mmol/L	6.7 µmol/L : mmol/L	0.0040 mg/dL : mg/dL	0.0072 mg/dL : mg/dL	82	3.7 µmol/L : mmol/L	6.7 µmol/L : mmol/L	0.0040 mg/dL : mg/dL	0.0072 mg/dL : mg/dL
E:T ratio^c (vitamin E–triglyceride)	1–<19 yrs	83	8.5 µmol/L : mmol/L	44.5 µmol/L : mmol/L	0.0040 mg/dL : mg/dL	0.0208 mg/dL : mg/dL	83	8.5 µmol/L : mmol/L	44.5 µmol/L : mmol/L	0.0040 mg/dL : mg/dL	0.0208 mg/dL : mg/dL

Reference interval value units are in Standard International units (SI units) and Conventional units (CON units).

Colored partitions indicate sex-specific differences within the age partitions.

^a Refer to the original publication [16] for additional information.

^b Refer to the original publication [13] for additional information.

^c Refer to the original publication [15] for additional information.

Correction Statement

This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.

Abbreviations
AFP	=	α-fetoprotein
ALT	=	alanine aminotransferase
ALP	=	alkaline phosphatase
anti-CCP	=	anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide
anti-TPO	=	anti-thyroperoxidase
apoB-48	=	apolipoprotein B-48
BAT	=	bioavailable testosterone
CA125	=	cancer antigen 125
CA15-3	=	cancer antigen 15-3
CALIPER	=	Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals
CHMS	=	Canadian Health Measures Survey
CLSI	=	Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CSCC	=	Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists
EQA	=	external quality assurance
FAI	=	free androgen index
FSH	=	follicle-stimulating hormone
FT	=	free testosterone
FT4	=	free thyroxine
GLP	=	glucagon-like peptide
HPLC	=	high-performance liquid chromatography
hs-cTnI	=	high sensitivity cardiac troponin I
IgG	=	immunoglobulin G
IgM	=	immunoglobulin M
KT	=	knowledge translation
LC-MS/MS	=	liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
LH	=	luteinizing hormone
PTH	=	parathyroid hormone
PSA	=	prostate-specific antigen
Q–Q	=	quantile–quantile
SHBG	=	sex-hormone binding globulin
TnI	=	troponin I
TSH	=	thyroid stimulating hormone
UPLC	=	ultra-performance liquid chromatography

Acknowledgements

The CALIPER program would like to thank thousands of families and children who made the study possible by participating and volunteering to donate blood samples. We also thank hundreds of CALIPER project coordinators, volunteers, clinical chemistry fellows and faculty, as well as industry partners and collaborators across Canada, for their tremendous contributions to the success of the CALIPER study.

Disclosure statement

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Additional information

Funding

The CALIPER study has been supported by operating grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and Sanford Jackson Endowment Funds at the Hospital for Sick Children Foundation, as well as grant and material support from Abbott, Beckman, Ortho, Roche, and Siemens Diagnostics.