Cardiac troponins: 25 years on the stage and still improving their clinical value

Abstract

Twenty-five years ago, non-isotopic immunoassays for measuring the cardiac specific isoforms of troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT) were developed. Both biomarkers radically changed the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy indication of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and, particularly, of myocardial infarction (MI). However, cardiac troponins (cTn) rapidly demonstrated their usefulness in other cardiac and non-cardiac conditions, a part of the ischemic coronary diseases. Consequently, the number of patients to be tested for cTn and the number of tests requested to clinical laboratories sharply increased. Though the manufacturers continuously improved the analytical characteristics of the first cTn assays and produced different cTn assay “generations”, the universal definition of myocardial infarction required less-than-available analytical imprecision at the cTn concentration used to assess MI (i.e. the 99th reference percentile). To address the clinical requirements, manufacturers developed the high-sensitivity cTn (hs-cTn) assays that allow to measure the 99th reference percentile with adequate precision, to detect cTn in many healthy subjects and, hence, to calculate the hs-cTn biological variation and especially to observe in very short time intervals serial differences in hs-cTn attributable to cardiac ischemia. Since the number of patients attending the emergency departments (ED) for a suspected ACS or MI is increasing, the improved properties of hs-cTn assays, allowing faster and safer patient assessment, will help to alleviate the sometimes overcrowded EDs. However, there are many biological, analytical, and clinical factors that can influence the true hs-cTn values of a patient. Clinicians and laboratory professionals should know about them for the best interpretation of the otherwise largely useful hs-cTn measurements. In conclusion, 25 years after their introduction for clinical use, “cTn are still on the stage and improving their clinical value”.

Keywords:

• Cardiac troponin
• contemporary assays
• high-sensitivity assays
• acute coronary syndromes
• myocardial infarction

Disclosure statement

Dr. Alquézar-Arbé has received grants for research, travel, and conferences fees from Roche Diagnostics Spain and Roche Diagnostics Intl. Dr. Alessandro Sionís has received support for research, travel, and fees as a speaker for Singulex Inc. Dr. Jorge Ordoñez-Llanos has received support for research, travel, and fees as a speaker or consultant from Alere, Biomerieux, Roche Diagnostics (Spain and Intl.), and Singulex Inc, in relation to the content of the manuscript.