Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed enzymatically, chemically, photochemically, and by irradiation of food. They are also formed by the decomposition and the inter-reactions of ROS. Hydroxy radical is the most reactive ROS, followed by singlet oxygen. Reactions of ROS with food components produce undesirable volatile compounds and carcinogens, destroy essential nutrients, and change the functionalities of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Lipid oxidation by ROS produces low molecular volatile aldehydes, alcohols, and hydrocarbons. ROS causes crosslink or cleavage of proteins and produces low molecular carbonyls from carbohydrates. Vitamins are easily oxidized by ROS, especially singlet oxygen. The singlet oxygen reaction rate was the highest in β-carotene, followed by tocopherol, riboflavin, vitamin D, and ascorbic acid.
Notes
Vever-Bizet
,
C.
,
Dellinger
,
M.
Brault
,
D.
1989
.
Singlet molecular oxygen quenching by saturated and unsaturated fatty-acids and by cholesterol
.
Photochem. Photobiol.
,
50
:
321
–
325
.
[PUBMED]
[INFOTRIEVE]
[CSA]
Arudi
,
R. L.
,
Sutherland
,
M. W.
and
Bielski
,
B. H.J.
1983
.
“
Oxy radicals and their scavenger systems
”
. In
Molecular aspects
,
Edited by:
Cohen
,
G.
and
Greenwald
,
R. A.
Vol 1
,
26
–
31
.
New York
:
Elsevier Publishing
.
Lee
,
S-H.
and
Min
,
D. B.
1991
.
Effects, quenching mechanisms, and kinetics of nickel chelates in singlet oxygen oxidation of soybean oil
.
J. Agric. Food Chem
,
39
:
642
–
646
.
[CROSSREF]
[CSA]
Kruk
,
J.
,
Lichszteld
,
K.
,
Michalska
,
T.
and
Paraskevas
,
S. M.
1992
.
The influence of some biological antioxidants on the light emission from the oxytetracycline oxidation reaction
.
Toxicol. Environ. Chem.
,
35
:
167
–
173
.
[CSA]
Michaeli
,
A.
and
Feitelson
,
J.
1994
.
Reactivity of singlet oxygen toward amino acids and peptides
.
Photochem. Photobiol
,
59
:
284
–
289
.
[PUBMED]
[INFOTRIEVE]
[CSA]
Motohashi
,
N.
and
Saito
,
Y.
1993
.
Competitive measurement of rate constants for Hydroxy Radical Reactions Using Radiolytic Hydroxylation of Benzoate
.
Chem. Pharm. Bull
,
41
:
1842
–
1845
.
[CSA]
Bielski
,
B. H.J.
and
Shiue
,
G. G.
1979
.
Oxygen Free Radicals and Tissue Damage
,
Ciba Foundation Symposium 65 (New Series)
43
–
56
.
New York
:
Excerpta Medica
.
Solar
,
S.
,
Solar
,
W.
and
Getoff
,
N.
1984
.
Resolved multisite OH-attack on aqueous tryptophan studied by pulse radiolysis
.
Radiat. Phys. Chem.
,
23
:
371
–
376
.
[CROSSREF]
[CSA]
Hoffman
,
M. Z.
and
Hayon
,
E.
1973
.
Pulse radiolysis study of sulfhydryl compounds in aqueous solution
.
J. Phys. Chem
,
77
:
990
–
996
.
[CROSSREF]
[CSA]
Masuda
,
T.
,
Nakano
,
S.
and
Kondo
,
M.
1973
.
Rate constants for the reactions of OH radicals with the enzyme proteins as determined by the p-nitrosodimethylaniline method
.
J. Radiat. Res
,
14
:
339
–
345
.
[PUBMED]
[INFOTRIEVE]
[CSA]
Zhao
,
M. J.
,
Jung
,
L.
,
Tanielian
,
C.
and
Mechin
,
R.
1994
.
Kinetics of the competitive degradation of deoxyribose and other biomolecules by hydroxy radicals produced by the Fenton reaction
.
Free Rad. Res.
,
20
:
345
–
363
.
[CSA]
Egorov
,
S. Y.
and
Krasnovsky
,
A. A.
1986
.
Quenching of singlet molecular oxygen photosynthetic activity
.
Fiziologiya Rastenii (Moscow).
,
33
:
10
–
14
.
[CSA]
Moore
,
J. S.
,
Kemsley
,
K. G.
,
Davies
,
J. V.
and
Phillips
,
G. O.
1979
.
Radiation Biology and Chemistry. Research Developments
,
Edited by:
Edwards
,
H. E.
,
Navaratnam
,
S.
,
Parsons
,
B. J.
and
Phillips
,
G. O.
99
–
113
.
New York
:
Elsevier
.
Bucknall
,
T.
,
Edwards
,
H. E.
Kemsley
,
K. G.
1978
.
The formation of malonaldehyde in irradiated carbohydrates
.
Carbohydr. Res
,
62
:
49
–
59
.
[CROSSREF]
[CSA]
Devasagayam
,
T. P.A.
,
Werner
,
T.
Ippendorf
,
H.
1992
.
Synthetic carotenoids, novel polyene polyketones and new capsorubin isomers as efficient quenchers of singlet molecular oxygen
.
Photochem. Photobiol
,
55
:
511
–
514
.
[PUBMED]
[INFOTRIEVE]
[CSA]
Allen
,
C.
and
Parks
,
O. W.
1979
.
Photodegradation of riboflavin to lumichrome in milk exposed to sunlight
.
J. Dairy Sci
,
60
:
1038
–
1041
.
[CSA]
Kishore
,
K.
,
Moorthy
,
P. N.
and
Guha
,
S. N.
1991
.
Pulse radiolysis study of one electron oxidation of riboflavin
.
Radiat. Phys. Chem
,
38
:
119
–
125
.
[CSA]
Rooney
,
M. L.
1983
.
Ascorbic acid as a photooxidation inhibitor
.
Photochem. Photobiol
,
38
:
619
–
621
.
[CSA]
Schoeneshoefer
,
M.
1972
.
Pulse radiolysis studies of the oxidation of ascorbic acid by hydroxy radicals and halogen radical anion complexes in aqueous solution
.
Z Naturforsch Teil B
,
27
:
649
–
659
.
[CSA]
Cabelli
,
D. E.
and
Bielski
,
B. H.J.
1983
.
Kinetics and mechanism for the oxidation of ascorbic acid/ascorbate by HO2/O2-(hydroperoxyl/superoxide) radicals. A pulse radiolysis and stopped-flow photolysis study
.
J. Phys. Chem
,
87
:
1809
–
1812
.
[CROSSREF]
[CSA]
Li
,
T. L.
,
King
,
J. M.
and
Min
,
D. B.
2000
.
Quenching mechanisms and kinetics of carotenoids in riboflavin photosensitized singlet oxygen oxidation of vitamin D2
.
J. Food Biochem
,
24
:
477
–
492
.
[CSA]
Mukai
,
K.
,
Daifuku
,
K.
Okabe
,
K.
1991
.
Structure-activity relationship in the quenching reaction of singlet oxygen by tocopherol (vitamin E) derivatives and related phenols. Finding of linear correlation between the rates of quenching of singlet oxygen and scavenging of peroxyl and phenoxyl radicals in solution
.
J. Org. Chem
,
56
:
4188
–
4192
.
[CROSSREF]
[CSA]
Arudi
,
R. L.
,
Sutherland
,
M. W.
and
Bielski
,
B. H.J.
1983
.
“
Oxy radicals and their scavenger systems
”
. In
Molecular aspects
,
Edited by:
Cohen
,
G.
and
Greenwald
,
R. A.
Vol 1
,
26
–
31
.
New York
:
Elsevier Publishing
.