Nutritional and Functional Properties of Dates: A Review

Abstract

This review article provides information on the nutritional and functional constituents of dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and their seeds from over 80 references. Date flesh is found to be low in fat and protein but rich in sugars, mainly fructose and glucose. It is a high source of energy, as 100 g of flesh can provide an average of 314 kcal. Ten minerals were reported, the major being selenium, copper, potassium, and magnesium. The consumption of 100 g of dates can provide over 15% of the recommended daily allowance from these minerals. Vitamins B-complex and C are the major vitamins in dates. High in dietary fiber (8.0 g/100 g), insoluble dietary fiber was the major fraction of dietary fiber in dates. Dates are a good source of antioxidants, mainly carotenoids and phenolics. Date seeds contain higher protein (5.1 g/100 g) and fat (9.0 g/100 g) as compared to the flesh. It is also high in dietary fiber (73.1 g/100 g), phenolics (3942 mg/100 g) and antioxidants (80400 μ mol/100 g). This detailed information on nutritional and health promoting components of dates and their seeds will enhance our knowledge and appreciation for the use of dates in our daily diet and their seeds as a functional food ingredient.

Keywords:

• sugars
• mineral
• vitamins
• fiber
• phenolics
• antioxidants

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors kindly acknowledge Nancy Smith for her valuable contribution. The senior author would like to express his appreciation to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars for his Fulbright senior scholarship.

Notes

^a All data are expressed on wet weight basis

^b Carbohydrates were calculated by subtracting total percent values of moisture, protein, fat and ash from 100

^c Energy value was calculated by multiplying carbohydrates by 3.75, protein by 4 and fat by 9

^a All data are expressed on wet weight basis

^b Antioxidants was measured by FRAP method for plum and apricot and by ORAC method for the rest

^a All data are expressed on wet weight basis. nd: not detected

^a All data are expressed on wet weight basis. RDA/AI is Recommended Dietary Allowance/Adequate Intakes per adult per day

^a All data are expressed on wet weight basis. RDA/AI is Recommended Dietary Allowance/Adequate Intakes per adult male per day

^a All data are expressed on wet weight basis

^a All data are expressed on wet weight basis

^a All data are expressed on wet weight basis. α -Caro: α -Carotene; β -caro: β -carotene; Zeax: Zeaxanthin; β -Zea: β -Zeaxanthin; Lute: Lutein; Neox: Neoxanthin

^a All data are expressed on wet weight basis. nd: not detected

^a Data are expressed on wet weight basis

*Fulbright visiting scholar from Oman.