Modification of appetite by bread consumption: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

ABSTRACT

The inclusion of different ingredients or the use of different baking technologies may modify the satiety response to bread, and aid in the control of food intake. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic search of randomized clinical trials on the effect of bread consumption on appetite ratings in humans. The search equation was (“Bread”[MeSH]) AND (“Satiation”[MeSH] OR “Satiety response”[MeSH]), and the filter “clinical trials.” As a result of this procedure, 37 publications were selected. The satiety response was considered as the primary outcome. The studies were classified as follows: breads differing in their flour composition, breads differing in ingredients other than flours, breads with added organic acids, or breads made using different baking technologies. In addition, we have revised the data related to the influence of bread on glycemic index, insulinemic index and postprandial gastrointestinal hormones responses. The inclusion of appropriate ingredients such as fiber, proteins, legumes, seaweeds and acids into breads and the use of specific technologies may result in the development of healthier breads that increase satiety and satiation, which may aid in the control of weight gain and benefit postprandial glycemia. However, more well-designed randomized control trials are required to reach final conclusions.

KEYWORDS:

• Bread
• energy intake
• gastrointestinal hormones
• satiation
• satiety response
• obesity

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This paper was part of Carolina Gonzalez-Anton's doctorate that is being conducted within the context of the “Nutrition and Food Sciences Program” at the University of Granada (Spain).