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ABSTRACT
Currently, due to high surface to volume ratio; large availability, rapid kinetics of adsorption and desorption and low cost, the exploitation of microbial biosorption of heavy metals is regarded as a reliable alternative compared to the conventional bioremediation approaches. In parallel with the increasing attractiveness of biosorption research, its pace of advance is also boosted. The barrier that prevent biosorption as an effective method from being applied into wastewater purification is listed, (1) There is not enough data on multi-component biosorption, (2) It remains to be seen that physical-chemical characteristics of different biomasses. (3) Studies on surface modification of strains for enhancement of heavy metals removal efficiency is lack. And extensive literatures involving the mechanism and model of biosorption for particular metal and microbial strains are not available. The present literatures lack systematization, the theory on interaction between lactic acid bacteria and Pb is far from complete. Therefore, the review tries to give a comprehensive explanation about the mechanism of Pb removal from Lactic acid bacteria and provide a brief overview of distinction between biosorption and bioaccumulation, biosorption technology, highlight the underlying features of biosorption and the various affecting factors such as pH, dose required, initial concentration, temperature, and treatment performance as a reference. Biosorption mechanisms can be briefly generalized into several pathways, which are ion exchange, complexation, precipitation, reduction and chelation. Many views holds that complexation is the major absorption mechanisms of Pb. Biosorption mechanisms can be roughly classified as biosorption and bioaccumulation, which have great differences between each other. Biosorption is metabolism-independent but fast, while bioaccumulation is metabolism-dependent but slow. The slight advantages of the bioaccumulation are the metabolite (lactic acid), lactobacillus surface-layers, enzymes and so on. Many factors can greatly affect adsorption process, different factors have different influence and the effects of pretreatment, pH and temperature are relatively greater. Desorption is not a fully reversible process of biosorption, but could not only achieve the goal of the recycle of microorganism, but also contribute to release of trace metal elements. Also the technologies for observation of biosorbents characterics and effect on the metal binding process are reviewed.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the National Science Foundation of China (No. 31340032), “211 Engineering Double Support Plan (No. 03572081)”, Sichuan Agricultural University, and the education department of Sichuan Province major project (No. 17ZB0338) for financial support.
Author contributions
Dering Lin, Ran Ji, Mengshi Xiao designed the structure of this review. Dering Lin, Ran Ji, Mengshi Xiao, Dan Wang and Tao Qin drafted the manuscrift and completed the presentation of periodical. Peng Liu, Jinpeng Zou, Zhijun Wu, Lilin Wang and Qing Zhang collected and sorted out the references. Dering Lin, Baoshan Xing gave some valuable advices about the structure of the manuscript and made contribution to the revision of the manuscript. Yuan Chen, Yutong Li, Hong Chen, Wen Qin, Dingtao Wu, Yuntao Liu, Yaowen Liu, Jingjing Zhao and Suqing Li made certain contribution to the language and form modification of the review.
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