Food or medication? The therapeutic effects of food on the duration and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections: a Review of the literature

Abstract

Purpose

Upper respiratory tract infections are common in children and adults. Antiviral treatments are only available for specific groups of patients, stimulating the distribution of over-the-counter medication to relieve the symptoms for the other patients. Studies about whole foods and their effect on the incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infections were reviewed.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials and case-control studies available on MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase were included.

Results and Conclusions

Thirty-three studies were included. The incidence of respiratory infections or symptoms was shown to be reduced in some studies when probiotics, prebiotics, growing-up milk, fish oil, kiwi, garlic and xylitol were taken. Duration was favorably influenced by the intake of elderberry, kiwi, probiotics and fish oil. When the risk of bias and repetition is taken into account, probiotics and elderberry repeatedly show favorable effects. Prudent conclusions can be made in selective patient groups. However, the studies were diverse and were only performed by a few study groups.

KEYWORDS:

• Whole foods
• recurrent upper respiratory tract infections
• probiotics
• elderberry
• kiwi

Acknowledgements

We like to thank professor Job van der Palen, University Twente, for critically reading our manuscript.