https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8757-7862
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Abstract
The colonization and maturation of gut microbiota (GM) is a delicate and precise process, which continues to influence not only infancy and childhood but also adulthood health by affecting immunity. However, many perinatal factors, including gestational age, delivery mode, antibiotic administration, feeding mode, and environmental and maternal factors, can disturb this well-designed process, increasing the morbidity of various gut dysbiosis-related diseases, such as type-1-diabetes, allergies, necrotizing enterocolitis, and obesity. In this review, we discussed the early-life colonization and maturation of the GM, factors influencing this process, and diseases related to the disruption of this process. Moreover, we focused on discussing dietary interventions, including probiotics, oligosaccharides, nutritional supplementation, and exclusive enteral nutrition, in ameliorating early-life dysbiosis and diseases related to it. Furthermore, possible mechanisms, and shortcomings, as well as potential solutions to the drawbacks of dietary interventions, were also discussed.
Disclosure statement
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
| Abbreviations | ||
| T1D | = | type 1 diabetes |
| NEC | = | necrotizing enterocolitis |
| CD | = | Crohn's disease |
| GM | = | gut microbiota |
| FMT | = | fecal microbiota transplantation |
| GF | = | germ-free |
| GA | = | gestational age |
| IAP | = | intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis |
| EOS | = | early-onset sepsis |
| NICU | = | neonatal intensive care unit |
| IEC | = | intestinal epithelial cell |
| HMO | = | human milk oligosaccharide |
| DC | = | dendritic cells |
| PC | = | plasma cells |
| HFD | = | high-fat diet |
| LPS | = | lipopolysaccharide |
| Treg | = | regulatory T |
| TLR | = | toll-like receptor |
| Th17 | = | T helper 17 |
| GAP | = | GC-associated antigen passage |
| EGF | = | epidermal growth factor |
| NOD | = | neonatal non-obese diabetic |
| PAT | = | pulsed therapeutic antibiotics |
| SCFA | = | short-chain fatty acid |
| LOS | = | late-onset sepsis |
| OS | = | oligosaccharides |
| PUFA | = | polyunsaturated fatty acid |
| SAM | = | severe acute malnutrition |
| EEN | = | Exclusive enteral nutrition |