Recent advances in the biosynthesis, bioavailability, toxicology, pharmacology, and controlled release of citrus neohesperidin

Abstract

Neohesperidin (hesperetin 7-O-neohesperidoside), a well-known flavanone glycoside widely found in citrus fruits, exhibits a variety of biological activities, with potential applications ranging from food ingredients to therapeutics. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical, biosynthesis, and pharmacokinetics profiles of neohesperidin, as well as the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of neohesperidin against potential diseases. This literature review covers a wide range of pharmacological responses elicited by Neohesperidin, including neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, with a focus on the mechanisms of those pharmacological responses. Additionally, the mechanistic pathways underlying the compound’s osteoporosis, antiulcer, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective effects have been outlined. This review includes detailed illustrations of the biosynthesis, biopharmacokinetics, toxicology, and controlled release of neohesperidine. Neohesperidin demonstrated a broad range of therapeutic and biological activities in the treatment of a variety of complex disorders, including neurodegenerative, hepato-cardiac, cancer, diabetes, obesity, infectious, allergic, and inflammatory diseases. Neohesperidin is a promising therapeutic candidate for the management of various etiologically complex diseases. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies on mechanistic potential are required before clinical trials to confirm the safety, bioavailability, and toxicity profiles of neohesperidin.

Keywords:

• Biosynthesis
• neohesperidin
• pharmacokinetics
• pharmacological activity
• toxicity

Acknowledgements

Authors are also grateful to the Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh for their supports.

Author’s contributions

SA, MNI, comprehended and designed this review; SA, MNI, MAT, and SIA drafted the manuscript; SA, MAT, and MNI edited and improved the manuscript; SA, MNI designed figures, MNI and SIA supervised this project; MNI and JBX editing of the final version of the manuscript and correspondence. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC/PHARM-AEC-147/13-2020).