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Abstract
This study sought to provide information about both the range and effectiveness of distinct leadership styles of sport coaches. Examining students' perceptions (N = 186) of sport coaches' leadership behaviors in a martial arts setting, this study tested the factorial validity of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-5X), the standard instrument for assessing a range of transformational, transactional, and nonleadership scales. The results supported a nine-factor structure of the MLQ-5X, confirming recent empirical analyses (CitationAntonakis, Avolio, & Sivasubramaniam, 2003). Although transactional leadership was significantly related to leaders' effectiveness, transformational leadership added unique variance beyond that of transactional leadership for predicting leader effectiveness. This lends further support for the augmentation effect of transformational leadership. In combination, the results allow for a more thorough description of sport coaches' effective leadership behaviors.
The assistance of J. Moeritz in data collection is gratefully acknowledged. The author would like to thank the Associate Editor, two anonymous reviewers, W. Hell, and T. Stumpp for constructive criticism on earlier drafts of this paper.
Notes
1Research Edition Translation performed by CitationDr. Jens Rowold on July 7, 2004. Translated and reproduced by special permission of the Publisher, MIND GARDEN, Inc., Redwood City, CA 94061 www.mindgarden.com from Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire for Research by Bernhard M Bass and Bruce J Avolio. Copyright 1995, 2000 by Bernhard M Bass and Bruce J Avolio. All rights reserved. Further reproduction is prohibited without the Publisher's written consent.
∗∗ p < .001.
∗∗ p < .01;
∗ p < .05.