https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-2272
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Abstract
Sonochemistry under controlled conditions has proven effective in medicinal chemistry and drug development. It can substantially shorten reaction timelines from days or hours to minutes. A convenient one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives catalyzed by PTSA and benzenesulfonic acid in ethanol as solvent, under ultrasonic irradiation and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C has been achieved successfully. These 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives synthesis were also accomplished using different solvents viz., Methanol, Ethanol, DCM, DMF, Acetonitrile and THF and PTSA as the catalyst. This method yielded the highest % synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with PTSA as the catalyst in solvent ethanol. These reactions were also optimized for % of PTSA catalyst required to obtain the maximum yield of 2,4,5-trisubstituted and 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazole derivatives with and without ultrasound irradiation at 50° C. Synthesis of 2,4,5-trisubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows first-order rate kinetics while that of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted Imidazole derivatives reaction follows the second-order rate kinetics. Furthermore, sonochemistry has higher yields, lower cost, easier workups, and higher purity than conventional thermal organic synthesis, which has lower yields, tedious workups, longer reaction periods, lower purity, and numerous byproducts.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Principal of the Government College of Pharmacy in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, for providing them with the resources necessary to carry out this research. Also, the Deanship of scientific research, Taif University is acknowledged for funding this research.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Mohd Sayeed Shaikh
Dr. Mohd Sayeed Shaikh is an esteemed author and Assistant Professor specializing in Pharmaceutical Chemistry at Y. B. Chavan College of Pharmacy Aurangabad. With a Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Science, his expertise lies in the design synthesis of novel bioactive medicinal agents, innovative drug delivery systems, and drug analysis. Notably, his recent publications encompass diverse research areas such as novel antibacterials, therapeutic strategies for cerebral malaria, nanovesicular drug delivery, antimaterial synthesis, and the development of drugs targeting COVID-19. Dr. Shaikh's contributions to pharmaceutical science and his prolific research output highlight his dedication to advancing the field's understanding and application.
Mayura A. Kale
Dr. Mayura A. Kale is an accomplished figure in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry, holding the position of Associate Professor at the Government College of Pharmacy Aurangabad. With a Doctorate in Pharmaceutical Science, Dr. Kale has authored numerous books focusing on pharmaceutical science and writes on particularly emphasizing design synthesis of innovative bioactive medicinal agents, novel drug delivery systems, and drug analysis. Renowned as an expert in these domains, Dr. Kale's recent contributions include research articles covering diverse areas such as novel antibacterials, antifungal, therapeutic strategies for cerebral malaria, nanovesicular drug delivery, antimaterial synthesis, and various other applications in the pharmaceutical field.
Mehrukh Zehravi
Dr. Mehrukh Zehravi is an esteemed author and specializing in Pharmaceutical Chemistry at Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Dentistry & Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, Buraydah 51418, Saudi Arabia. With a Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Science, his expertise lies in the design synthesis of novel bioactive medicinal agents, innovative drug delivery systems, and drug analysis.
Aziz Unnisa
Dr. Aziz Unnisa, Associate Professor at the University of Hail, Saudia Arabia, is a research-driven academician who has extensively published research and review articles in the international database. The areas of her interest include Drug Discovery and nano-technology-based formulation development for the treatment of various non-communicable diseases.
M. Akiful Haque
Dr. M. Akiful Haque is an expert in pharmaceutical analysis. He is an Associate Professor at the School of Pharmacy, Anurag University Hyderabad, and holds a Ph.D. in pharmaceutical science. Dr. Haque has written many books about pharmaceutical science, especially about method development, pharmacokinetics, and method validation using advanced instruments such as LCMS, HPLC, and GCMS. Dr. Haque is known as an expert in these fields, and his most recent work includes research articles on Bioanalytical Analysis, Method Development Using Green Solvents, Drug Delivery, Degradation Studies, Impurity Profiling, and many other topics in the pharmaceutical field.
Kusuma Praveen Kumar
Dr. Kusuma Praveen Kumar is a highly skilled individual in the area of pharmaceutical chemistry, currently serving as an Assistant Professor at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), located in New Delhi. Dr. Praveen has authored over 40 publications with a specific focus on pharmaceutical science, particularly emphasizing. The topics of interest include the synthesis of computationally designed molecules with medicinal properties, the use of environmentally friendly solvents in the development and validation of new analytical methods for drug molecules using techniques such as HPLC, UV, LC/MS, and others. Additionally, the focus is on the development of bio-analytical methods for metabolite profiling, impurity profiling of drugs, forced degradation studies, stability kinetics studies, and the extraction, isolation, and chemical studies of bioactive metabolites from plant sources. Dr. Praveen is widely recognized as an authority in these fields. His recent work consists of research articles that explore a range of topics, including the use of HDAC inhibitors for managing and treating hyperglycemia, the development and application of fluorescent-nanoparticle-impregnated nanocomposite polymeric gels for biosensing and drug delivery, the development and validation of drug analysis methods using analytical instruments, and the evaluation of environmental friendliness in pharmaceutical applications.
Sharuk L. Khan
Mr. Sharuk L. Khan is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Pharmaceutical Chemistry department at NBS Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa, Maharashtra, India, and pursuing his doctorate degree from Anurag University, Hyderabad. He has contributed to many book chapters published by reputed publishers and has many national and international research and review articles to his credit. His area of expertise is drug design and development. The one most recent publication was “Fighting Antibiotic Resistance: New Pyrimidine-Clubbed Benzimidazole Derivatives as Potential DHFR Inhibitors” published in molecules-mdpi.
Syed Sarfaraz Ali
Syed Sarfaraz Ali, Government hospital pharmacist and Post graduate in Pharmaceutical Chemistry, writes on Drug design and Drug Analysis. Among his recent publications are research articles on Novel antibacterials (Antibiotics 2022) and on novel Therapeutic approach for Cerebral malaria (Pathogens 2021).
Falak A. Siddiqui
Miss. Falak A. Siddiqui is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Pharmaceutical Chemistry department at NBS Institute of Pharmacy, Ausa, Maharashtra, India, and pursuing his doctorate degree from Anurag University, Hyderabad. Her area of expertise is rational drug design and development specifically in antidiabetic drugs. She has published many quality findings in reputed journals out of which most recent one is “Natural polymers as potential P-glycoprotein inhibitors: Pre-ADMET profile and computational analysis as a proof of concept to fight multidrug resistance in cancer” published in Heliyon.
Talha Bin Emran
Talha Bin Emran is an esteemed author and Associate Professor specializing in Pharmaceutical Science at BGC Trust University. With a Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmaceutical Science, his expertise lies in the design synthesis of novel bioactive medicinal agents, innovative drug delivery systems, and drug analysis. Notably, his recent publications encompass diverse research areas such as novel antibacterials, therapeutic strategies for cerebral malaria, nanovesicular drug delivery, antimaterial synthesis, and the development of drugs targeting COVID-19.
Elrashed AbdElrahim
Elrashed Abd Elrahim, PhD (Diagnostic Radiology) is currently working as an associate professor at Taif University, Saudi Arabia since 2013. He obtained BSc and MSc degrees from Alzaiem Alazhar University in Sudan. Also, he served as a Lecturer and Assistant Professor at the same university until 2013. Currently, he is working in multidisciplinary research field including medical physics.
Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
Mayeen Uddin Khandaker, Ph.D. (Korea), MSc (Ctg. Univ, 1st class 1st), BSc (Ctg. Univ, 1st class 1st) is a Professor of Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies at Sunway University, Malaysia. He is working in multidisciplinary research fields including radiation and medical physics, synthesis-, characterization- and applications of nanomaterials in energy harvesting, wastewater treatment, environmental remediation, etc. He published more than 570 research papers (WoS/Scopus-indexed) with a total citation of > 10264. Professor Mayeen is an Associate Editor for the Journal of Radiation Physics and Chemistry (Elsevier), Handling Editor of Physics Open (Elsevier), and Editor of Scientific Reports. Professor Mayeen has produced 15 PhDs, and served as one of the Chief Scientific Investigators for a CRP on theranostic radionuclide production assigned by the IAEA. He is the recipient of the ‘Excellence in Research-2022 (Commendation)’ by Sunway University, Malaysia. His service to the scientific community has been recognized and acknowledged for instance by Elsevier as one of its most valuable reviewers for the years 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2021. Professor Mayeen is also listed as one of the top 2% highly cited researchers by Elsevier-Stanford University for the years 2020, 2021 and 2022 consecutively.