Bio-ceramic coatings adhesion and roughness of biomaterials through PM-EDM: a comprehensive review

ABSTRACT

Powder mixed-EDM is a newly emerging proposed manufacturing process which can simultaneously shape and coat the surface of conductive materials. Transformation of machined surface is occurred through melting and chemical reactions of the added powders, tools materials and dielectric fluid due to elevated temperature generation during the operation. Though the biomaterials such as titanium alloy, magnesium, 316 L SS and Co-Cr alloy attribute to higher mechanical strength, corrosion and wear resistance, and enough biocompatibility, these are limited to apply directly because of releasing the toxic elements and having inferior biological responses. Surfaces of bio-implants made from these biomaterials are therefore protected using bioactive and biocompatible coating. Hydroxyapatite is a bioceramic that possesses bone like element composition and excellent biocompatibility. The PM-EDM process with hydroxyapatite can enhance not only adhesion strength and roughness but also biocompatibility of the treated surface. It is proposed in this paper that carbide and oxide coating formation can improve the microhardness, bonding strength and roughness of surface of the substrates. This study comprehensively reports the current status of adhesion and surface coarseness of bio-ceramics based coating through PM-EDM process. A comparative critical analysis of employing bio-ceramic powder using various deposition techniques is presented in this review.

KEYWORDS:

• Hydroxyapatite
• biomaterials
• electro-deposition
• coating
• adhesion
• roughness
• modification
• electro-discharge
• manufacturing
• bio-ceramics

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express deep thanks and appreciation to Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia for ensuring sufficient equipment and budgetary assistance to complete this report. This study was fully funded by ICRF (International Collaborative Research Fund) called Universitas-PERTAMINA-Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UP-UTP), cost-center: 015LB0-040.

Conflicts of interest

The authors state that no conflict of interest exists with others. In fact, authors appreciate other research works highly.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the UP-UTP [cost-center: 015LB0-040].