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ABSTRACT
The use of large displays is becoming increasingly prevalent, but development of the usability of three-dimensional (3D) interaction with large displays is still in the early stage. One way to improve the usability of 3D interaction is to develop appropriate control–display (CD) gain function. Nevertheless, unlike in desktop environments, the effects of the relationship between control space and display space in 3D interaction have not been investigated. Moreover, 3D interaction with large displays is natural and intuitive similar to how we work in the physical world. Therefore, a CD gain function that considers human behavior might improve the usability of interaction with large displays. The first experiment was conducted to identify the characteristics of user’s natural hand motion and the user perception of target in distal pointing. Thirty people participated and the characteristics of users’ natural hand movements and the 3D coordinates of their pointing positions were derived. These characteristics were considered in development of motion–display (MD) gain which is a new position-to-position CD mapping. Then, MD gain was experimentally verified by comparing it with Laser pointing, which is currently the best existing CD mapping technique; 30 people participated. MD gain was superior to the existing pointing technique in terms of both performance and subjective satisfaction. MD gain can also be personalized for further improvement. This is an initial attempt to reflect natural human pointing gesture in distal pointing technique, and the developed technique (MD gain) was experimentally proved to be superior to the existing techniques. This achievement is worthy because even a marginal improvement in the performance of pointing task, which is a fundamental and frequent task, can have a large effect on users’ productivity. These results can be used as a resource to understand the characteristics of user’s natural hand movement, and MD gain can be directly applied to situations in which distal pointing is needed, such as interacting with smart TVs or with wall displays. Furthermore, the concept that maps natural human behavior in motor space and an object in visual space can be applied to any interactive system.
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Heejin Kim
Heejin Kim received her Ph.D. at the department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Korea. Her research interests include human–computer interaction, user experience, and usability engineering.
Seungjae Oh
Seungjae Oh is a doctoral student at the Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Korea. He received his BSc in Electrical Engineering at POSTECH. His research focuses on exploring the affordances of emerging technologies from human–computer interaction perspectives.
Sung H. Han
Sung H. Han is a professor at the department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Korea. He received his Ph.D. at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. His research interests include human–computer interaction, usability engineering, affective/adaptive user interface design, and user experience.
Min K. Chung
Min K. Chung is an emeritus professor at the department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Korea. He received his Ph.D. at University of Michigan. His research interests include ergonomics, applied statistics, and universal design.