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ABSTRACT
This study aims to investigate the usability of a head-up display (HUD) in presenting warning messages during driving and create a new and effective vehicle early warning system for drivers. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 36 drivers were randomly assigned to a group using HUD and a control group. The simulated driving performance of the two groups was compared to determine if the HUD graphic early warning system facilitates driving safety. Results revealed that the HUD-using group demonstrated better driving performance than the control group in terms of collision, mean deceleration, accelerator release reaction time, brake reaction time, reduced velocity, reduced energy, steering reaction time, mean reaction time, and minimum reaction time. We investigated the influence of the presentation mode of warning messages on simulated driving performance in Experiment 2. Forty-eight drivers were randomly assigned to an HUD warning group, an audio warning group, and an audiovisual group that integrated HUD and audio warning. The drivers in the HUD warning group performed better than those in the two other groups in terms of mean deceleration. The audiovisual group that integrated HUD and audio warning showed an advantage in reduced velocity. The findings indicated that HUD technology has the potential to promote safe driving by improving the early warning system.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Notes on contributors
Zhen Yang
Zhen Yang is a PhD researcher at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. His research interests include human–computer interaction, human factors, user experience, cognitive science, and neuroergonomics.
Jinlei Shi
Jinlei Shi is a MD student at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. His research interests include human–computer interaction, user experience, and augmented reality.
Yin Zhang
Yin Zhang is a MD student at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. His research interests include user experience design and ergonomics.
Duming Wang
Duming Wang is an assistant professor at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci -Tech University. His research interests include human–computer interaction, human factors, and user experience.
Hongting Li
Hongting Li is a professor at the Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. His research interests include human–computer interaction, ergonomics, user experience, augmented reality, and virtual reality.
Changxu Wu
Changxu WU is a professor at the Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering, The University of Arizona. His research interests include integrating cognitive science and engineering system design, especially modeling human cognition system and human behavior with its applications in system design, improving transportation safety, promoting human performance and safety in human–machine interaction and healthcare.
Yiqi Zhang
Yiqi Zhang is a PhD student at the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo. His research interests include mathematical modeling of human performance and cognition.
Jingyan Wan
Jingyan Wan is a PhD student at the Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo. His research interests include mathematical modeling of human performance and cognition.