https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4720-1702
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ABSTRACT
Collaboration improves efficiency, avoids duplication of efforts, improves goal-awareness, and makes working generally more pleasurable. While collaboration is desirable, it introduces additional costs because of the required coordination. In this article, we study how visual search is affected by gaze-sharing collaboration. There is evidence that pairs of visual searchers using gaze-only sharing are more efficient than single searchers. We extend this result by investigating if groups of three searchers are more efficient, and if and how the groups of searchers develop their search strategy. We conducted an experiment to understand how the collaboration develops when groups of one to three participants perform a visual search task by collaborating with shared gaze. The task was to state if the target was present among distractors. Our results show that users are able to develop an efficient search and division-of-labor strategy when the only collaboration method is gaze-sharing.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Academy of Finland, project Private and Shared Gaze: Enablers, Applications, Experiences (GaSP, grant number 2501287895). http://gasp.sis.uta.fi.
In analyzing and presenting the data we used Statistical System R (R Core Team, Citation2018) and tidyverse packages (Wickham, Citation2017; Wickham & Grolemund, Citation2016), especially ggplot2 (Wickham, Citation2010), and the Viridis perceptually uniform colormaps (Smith and van der Walt 2015).
Notes
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Harri Siirtola
Harri Siirtola earned his PhD in Interactive Technology from University of Tampere in 2007, and he is a Docent of Interactive Technology. He is a member of Visual Interaction Research Group (VIRG) in TAUCHI Research Center, and an active member of the European information visualization community.
Oleg Špakov
Oleg Špakov received his PhD in Interactive Technology from University of Tampere in 2008. His research area is gaze tracking, with a focus on user interaction and attention analysis. He is a co-author of over 40 research articles and number of applications that utilize gaze input.
Howell Istance
Howell Istance is a researcher in human-computer interaction specializing in the application of eye tracking for interacting with computers. He was awarded his PhD by Loughborough University in 2017 for work in the area of gaze-assisted interaction techniques for motor-impaired people, particularly concerning their access to games.
Kari-Jouko Räihä
Kari-Jouko Räihä is a professor emeritus at Tampere University in Finland. His research area is human-computer interaction. He has mostly worked on eye tracking, both for analyzing interaction and as an interaction technology. He received his PhD in Computer Science at the University of Helsinki in 1982.