Learning Vocabulary Using 2D Pictures is More Effective than Using Immersive 3D Stereoscopic Pictures

ABSTRACT

This experimental study investigated the effect of immersive stereoscopic three-dimensional (S3D) pictures on productive and receptive vocabulary recall. The inherent perception of depth in S3D pictures facilitates learners’ immersion, making those pictures a potentially effective learning aid. The results of paired t-tests of this within-subjects study (N = 371) revealed that S3D pictures were associated with significantly lower scores on vocabulary recall than two-dimensional pictures (2D). Multivariate regression analysis provided us with two additional findings. First, ownership of S3D equipment was positively associated with performance on S3D images. Second, higher self-reported engagement for 2D images was associated with better learning with 2D images.

We suspect that the immersive nature of S3D pictures may have distracted the learners from focusing on the vocabulary learning task or taken away cognitive resources that could have been used for learning. These findings have implications for instruction in immersive spaces, including in virtual, augmented, and mixed reality-based learning environments.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Regina Kaplan-Rakowski

Regina Kaplan-Rakowski is Faculty and the Director of the Master of Science Program in Learning Technologies, University of North Texas (UNT). Her doctorate is in Instructional Technology and Design, Southern Illinois University (SIU), Carbondale. Dr. Kaplan-Rakowski’s research focuses on immersive learning environments, computer-assisted language learning, and emerging technologies.

Lin Lin

Lin Lin research explores multitasking, multimedia design, virtual reality, critical thinking, and computational thinking. Lin received her doctoral degree at Teachers College Columbia University. She is the Director for the Texas Center for Educational Technology (TCET), and an Editor-in-Chief of the journal Educational Technology Research and Development (ETR&D).

Tomasz Wojdynski

Tomasz Wojdynski is Faculty at School of Banking and Management in Cracow, Poland. He is a Lecturer of Information Technology and the Director of the Information Technology Department. Dr. Wojdynski is involved in research projects regarding various aspects of educational technology, especially regarding computer science.