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Abstract
The nature of information and related technologies has been subject to an important mutation within the past century. With the deployment of a remarkable technological intensity and extensity, architects gradually have transformed our perception of the relation between culture and nature. Through Hannes Meyer, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Archizoom, the utopian belief of harnessing natural assets has slowly shifted to a dystopian approach regarding technology relentless absorption of nature. Today, the work of Francois Roche presents the critical synergy that operates the lost of boundaries separating the two views, a dissipative movement between utopia and dystopia, a movement named atopia.
Notes
1. Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings (New York: Doubleday, 1954), 57.
2. Roland Omnes, “Les Limites de l'Inhumain,” in XXXIX es Rencontres Internationales de Genève, ed. Georges Nivat (Geneva: Éditions l'Âge d'Homme, 2003), 71–80.
3. Michel Serres, “Nouvelles Limites de l'Humain,” in XXXIX es Rencontres Internationales de Genève, ed. Georges Nivat (Geneva: Éditions l'Âge d'Homme, 2003), 13–26.
4. Pierre Lévy, Qu'est-ce que le Virtuel? (Paris: La Découverte, 1998).
5. Martin Bressani, “Observations on Architectural Biology: The Gen(H)ome Project,” Log 9 (Winter/Spring 2007): 119-127.
6. Alain Minc and Simon Nora, L'Informatisation de la Société: Rapport à M. le Président de la République (Paris: La Documentation Française, 1977).
7. Antoine Picon, Digital Culture in Architecture: An Introduction for the Design Professions (Basel: Birkhauser Architecture, 2010).
8. Frederic Migayrou and Zeynep Mennan, eds., Architecture Non-Standard (Paris: Éditions Centre Pompidou, 2003).
9. Karl Chu, “Metaphysics of Genetic Architecture and Computation,” Perspecta 35 (2004): 77.
10. Marcos Novak, “Liquid Architecture in Cyberspace,” in Cyberspace First Step, ed. Michael Benedikt (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991), 225–54.
11. John Fraser, An Evolutionary Architecture (London: Architectural Association, 1995).
12. Greg Lynn, Animate Form (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999).
13. Paul Virilio, Unknown Quantity (London: Thames & Hudson, 2003).
14. Gilbert Simondon, Du Mode d'Existence des Objets Techniques (Paris: Aubier, 1989).
15. Georges Teyssot and Samuel B. Lavigne, “Forme et Information: Chronique de l'Architecture Numérique,” in Action Architecture, ed. Alain Guiheux (Paris: Éditions de la Villette, 2011), 83.
16. Mae-Wan Ho, “The New Age of the Organism,” Architectural Digest 67, no. 9–10 (1997): 44–51.
17. Fraser, An Evolutionary Architecture (note 11), 9.
18. R&Sie(n), http://www.new-territories.com/Iveheardabout.htm, accessed July 31, 2012.
19. In 2004, Berokh Khoshnevis published “Automated Construction by Contour Crafting-Related Robotics and Information Technologies,” and an article in a scientific journal Automation in Architecture at the same moment that François Roche and he were teaching at the University of South California. In his article, Khoshnevis presents his research in digital fabrication using contour crafting (CC), a layered fabrication technique driven by robots.
20. R&Sie(n), http://www.new-territories.com/Iveheardabout.htm, accessed July 31, 2012.
21. François Roche and Anna Neimark, “‘(Un)Posture',” in Performalism, ed. Yasha J. Grobman and Eran Neuman (New York: Routledge, 2012), 103.
22. Gilles Deleuze and Claire Parnet, Dialogues II (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), 149.
23. François Roche, “Alchemis(T/R/Ick)-Machines,” Log 22 (2011): 159.
24. Peter Sloterdijk, Écumes: Sphère III (Paris: Hachette Littérature, 2005), 535.