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Notes
1 For a classic account, see Nikolaus Pevsner, Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc: Englishness and Frenchness in the Appreciation of Gothic Architecture (London: Thames and Hudson, 1969). A more recent analysis is David Spurr, “Figures of Ruin and Restoration: Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc,” in Architecture and Modern Literature (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2012), 142–61.
2 John Ruskin, “The Lamp of Memory,” in The Seven Lamps of Architecture (London: Smith and Elder, 1849), 179.
3 Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, “Restauration,” in Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle, vol. 8 (Paris: A. Morel, 1869), 14. The translation is my own.
4 The best published account, which represents only a partial survey, is Paul Cattermole and Simon Cotton, “Medieval Parish Church Building in Norfolk,” Norfolk Archaeology 38 (1983): 235–79.
5 Marvin Trachtenberg, Building-in-Time: From Giotto to Alberti and Modern Oblivion (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010).
6 Robert Gardener, will dated 1509, NCC Spyltymber 93, Norfolk Record Office, Norwich, UK; cited in Cattermole and Cotton, “Medieval Parish Church Building,” 257.
7 James Coote, will dated 1536, NCC Hyll 56, Norfolk Record Office, Norwich, UK; cited in Cattermole and Cotton, “Medieval Parish Church Building,” 258.
8 Eric Fernie, An Architectural History of Norwich Cathedral (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), 188.
9 See OED Online, s.v. “amend (v.),” accessed July 11, 2018, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/6300; and OED Online, s.v. “repair (v.2),” accessed July 11, 2018, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/162631.
10 Gregory Clerke, will dated 1516, PROB 11/18/461, National Archives, London; cited in Cattermole and Cotton, “Medieval Parish Church Building,” 259.
11 Timothy M. Thibodeau, The Rationale divinorum officiorum of William Durand of Mende: A New Translation of the Prologue and Book One (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 16.
12 Paul Binski, Becket's Crown: Art and Imagination in Gothic England, 1170–1300 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 11–12.
13 Ibid., 57.
14 A wide-ranging survey is Philip Steadman, The Evolution of Designs: Biological Analogy in Architecture and the Applied Arts, rev. ed. (London: Routledge, 2008).
15 Anuradha Chatterjee, John Ruskin and the Fabric of Architecture (London: Routledge, 2018), 45–68.
16 Martin Bressani, Architecture and the Historical Imagination: Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, 1814–1879 (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2014), 267–302.
17 Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
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Zachary Stewart
Zachary Stewart is an assistant professor in the Department of Architecture and a faculty fellow in the Center for Heritage Conservation at Texas A&M University. He is an architectural historian whose research focuses on the buildings, cities, and landscapes of medieval Britain. His current book project, Collaborative Gothic: Architecture, Identity, and Community in the English Parish Church, 1350–1550, investigates the origins of collective building practice in premodern Europe.