Look Again: The Value in Distinguishing Three Processes Underlying Social-Perceptual Effects

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Notes

¹ Xiao et al. broaden perception to include perceptual representation that occurs without input, in the “mind's eye.” This departs from the customary definition of perception as the process through which organisms internally represent the external environment, as involving signals in the nervous system that result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense organs (e.g., light striking the retina, odor molecules hitting the nose, sound waves striking the ear).

² Perhaps the best known social effect on face processing is the same-race advantage in face recognition, but evidence suggests that this arises chiefly from what kinds of faces were prevalent in the environment where one was raised. Hence they are like effects on the Muller–Lyon illusion consequences of social environments but not products of the perceiver's social identity or conceptions of the outgroup.