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PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH METHODS

Multiple levels of analysis in psychotherapy research

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Pages 462-468 | Received 01 Aug 2008, Published online: 22 Sep 2009
 

Abstract

Psychotherapy research can be thought to involve multiple levels of analysis: client, therapist, and group. The authors argue that such research would benefit from the application of multilevel modeling. They illustrate the use of such a procedure for research studies of individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, and rolling group psychotherapy and provide SPSS syntax for all three cases. Psychotherapy is an inherently social process. Individual therapy involves a very complicated interaction between a client and therapist. Group therapy involves relationships between a therapist and each of the clients as well as relationships between clients. It is critical that the analysis of psychotherapy data explicitly recognize these interpersonal aspects of psychotherapy.

ABSTRACT

Psychotherapieforschung kann mehrere Ebenen an Analysen beinhalten: Klient, Therapeut und Gruppe. Die Autoren erörtern, dass diese Art der Forschung durch die Anwendung von Multi-Level-Modellen profitieren kann. Sie veranschaulichen die Handhabung dieser Methode für Forschungsstudien bzgl. individueller Therapie und Gruppentherapie mit geschlossenen und offenen Gruppen, und präsentieren für alle drei Fälle eine SPSS Syntax. Psychotherapie ist von Natur aus ein sozialer Prozess. Individuelle Therapie umfasst eine äußerst komplizierte Interaktion zwischen Klient und Therapeut. Gruppentherapie umfasst Beziehungen zwischen dem Therapeuten und jedem einzelnen Klienten, sowie Beziehungen zwischen den Klienten. Es ist entscheidend, dass die Analyse psychotherapeutischer Daten diese interpersonellen Aspekte der Psychotherapie explizit anerkennt.

RÉSUMÉ

La recherche en psychothérapie peut être envisagée comme impliquant de multiples niveaux d'analyse : client, thérapeute et groupe. Les auteurs soutiennent que ce type de recherche bénéficierait de l'application de modélisation multi-niveaux. Ils illustrent l'utilisation de ce type de procédure en recherche pour des études de psychothérapie individuelle, de psychothérapie de groupe, et de psychothérapie de groupe avec remise à jour, et fournissent des syntaxes SPSS pour ces trois cas. La psychothérapie est essentiellement un processus social. Les thérapies individuelles impliquent une interaction très complexe entre le client et le thérapeute. La thérapie de troupe implique des relations entre le thérapeute et chacun des clients ainsi qu'une relation entre les clients. Il est crucial que l'analyse des données reconnaisse explicitement ces aspects interpersonnels de la psychothérapie.

ABSTRACT

La investigacíon en psicoterapia puede involucrar múltiples niveles de análisis: cliente, terapeuta y grupo. Los autores opinan que tal investigación se beneficia con la aplicación de modelizaciones multinivel. Ilustran el uso de tal procedimiento para los estudios de investigación de psicoterapia individual, grupal y psicoterapia grupal de roles (rolling group psichotherapy) y proporcionan sintaxis SPSS para los tres casos. La psicoterapia es un proceso intrínsecamente social. La terapia individual implica una interacción muy complicada entre cliente y terapeuta.. La terapia grupal implica relaciones entre un terapeuta y cada uno de los clientes, así también como relaciones entre los clientes. Es un punto crïtico que el anälisis de los datos de psicoterapia reconozca explïcitamente estos aspectos interpersonales de la psicoterapia:

Resumo

A investigação em psicoterapia pode ser pensada de forma a envolver múltiplos níveis de análise: cliente, terapeuta e grupo. Os autores argumentam que tal investigação poderia beneficiar da aplicação de um modelo multi-nível. Eles ilustram o uso deste procedimento para estudos em psicoterapia individual, psicoterapia em grupo, e psicoterapia no grupo em processo, e providenciam syntax SPSS para estes três casos. A psicoterapia é um processo grandemente social. A psicoterapia individual envolve interacções muito complicadas entre o cliente e o terapeuta. A terapia de grupo envolve relações entre terapeuta e cada um dos clientes, assim como relações entre clientes. Torna-se crítico que a análise de dados em psicoterapia reconheça explicitamente estes aspectos interpessoais da própria psicoterapia.

ABSTRACT

La ricerca in psicoterapia coinvolge livelli multipli di analisi: cliente, terapeuta e gruppo. Gli autori suggeriscono che questo tipo di ricerca trarrebbe beneficio dall'aplicazione di modelli a più livelli. Essi illustrano l'uso di questa procedura per ricerche su terapie individuali e di gruppo e forniscono syntax SPSS per tutti i casi. La psicoterapia è un processo sociale. La terapia individuale mostra una interazione complessa tra cliente e terapeuta e la terapia di gruppo implica una relazione tra terapeuta e ognuno dei clienti e tra i clienti. L'analisi dei dati terapeutici deve riconoscere questi aspetti interpersonali della psicoterapia.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Scott Baldwin, who advised them in the early stages of writing this article.

Notes

1. Gonzalez and Griffin (Citation2001) discuss the pairwise estimate of the intraclass correlation, which is based on more standard correlational methods. Within MLM, the ANOVA estimate of the ICC is restricted maximum likelihood estimate and the pairwise ICC is the maximum likelihood estimate (Gonzalez & Griffin, Citation2001).

2. The SPSS output includes a standard error and p value for each variance estimate. In our illustrative analysis, as in the analyses conducted by Kim et al. (Citation2006), differs from zero is rather modest for the sample sizes typical in clinical research, and it is, therefore, not prudent to assume that this nonsignificant finding allows us to ignore the biasing effects of therapist variance in this nested design.

3. The generations design (Kenny, Hallmark, Sullivan, & Kashy, 1993) is somewhat similar to the rolling groups design. Perhaps methods for the analysis of that design could be extended to the analysis of rolling groups.

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