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Original Articles

Psychotherapy engagers versus non-engagers: Differences in alliance, therapist verbal response modes, and client attachment

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Pages 568-577 | Received 03 Jul 2012, Accepted 13 May 2013, Published online: 21 Jun 2013
 

Abstract

For each of four therapists, we studied two clients who did not return after intake (non-engagers) and two clients who continued for at least eight sessions of psychodynamic psychotherapy (engagers), for a total of 16 cases yielding 3877 therapist verbal response units. Engagers and non-engagers did not differ in terms of working alliance measured after the intake session. In terms of therapist verbal response modes for non-engagers compared to engagers, therapists used more approval-reassurance in the beginning third of intake sessions, and more reflections of feeling but less information about the helping process in the last third of intake sessions. Non-engagers had higher pre-intake attachment anxiety than engagers. Implications for practice and research are discussed.

Para cada um dos quatro terapeutas, estudámos dois clientes que não regressaram depois da admissão (que não se envolveram) e dois clientes que continuaram por pelo menos oito sessões de psicoterapia psicodinâmica (que se envolveram) num total de 16 casos, produzindo 3877 unidades de resposta verbal do psicoterapeuta. Clientes que se envolveram e que não se envolveram não diferiram em termos da aliança terapêutica (working alliance) avaliada após a sessão de admissão. Em termos dos modos de resposta verbal do terapeuta a clientes que não se envolveram versus os que se envolveram, os terapeutas usaram mais aprovação– reconforto no primeiro terço das sessões após a admissão e mais reflexões de sentimentos mas menos informação acerca do processo de ajuda no último terço das sessões após a admissão. Os clientes que não se envolveram demonstraram mais ansiedade de vinculação pré-admissão do que os que se envolveram. As implicações para a prática e para a investigação são discutidas.

Wir untersuchten, für jeden von vier Therapeuten jeweils zwei Klienten, welche nach der Aufnahmesitzung nicht weiter erschienen (non-engager) und zwei Patienten, die die psychodynamische Psychotherapie für wenigstens 8 weitere Sitzungen fortsetzen (engager), was in der Gesamtheit der 16 Fälle 3877 Einheiten verbale Reaktionen des Therapeuten beinhaltete. Engager und non-engager unterschieden sich nicht bzgl. der Arbeitsbeziehung, welcher zur Aufnahmesitzung gemessen wurde. In Bezug auf den Vergleich der verbalen Reaktionsmodi der Therapeuten zwischen non-engagern und engagern, zeigten Therapeuten bei non-engagern während des ersten Drittels der Aufnahmesitzung mehr Zustimmungsbestätigung, und eine stärkere Reflektion von Gefühlen stellten aber weniger Informationen über den Hilfeprozess während des letzten Drittels der Sitzung zur Verfügung. Non-engager zeigten höhere Bindungsängste vor der Aufnahmesitzung. Implikationen für Praxis und Forschung werden diskutiert.

Per ciascuno dei quattro terapeuti, abbiamo studiato due clienti che non sono più tornati dopo il primo contatto (non-engagers) e due clienti che hanno continuato per almeno altre otto sedute di psicoterapia psicodinamica (engagers), per un totale di 16 casi che hanno fornito 3877 unità di risposta verbale dei terapeuti. Engager e non-engagers non differivano in termini di alleanza di lavoro misurata dopo il primo contatto. In termini di modalità di risposta verbale del terapeuta per i non-engagers rispetto agli engagers, i terapeuti utilizzavano più formule di approvazione-riassicurazione nelle prime tre sedute di accoglienza, e altre espressioni emotive, ma meno informazioni sul processo di aiuto nell'ultimo terzo delle sedute di accoglienza. I non-engagers mostrarono prima del primo contatto un maggiore attaccamento ansioso rispetto agli engagers. Sono discusse le implicazioni per la pratica e la ricerca.

本研究共探究四位治療師,每人的兩位接案晤談後未再出現的當事人(不投入者) 及二位持續至少8 次以上心理動力治療的當事人(投入者),共16 位案例中產 生的3877 次治療師口語反應單位。投入者與非投入者在接案晤談後測得的工 作同盟關係並沒有。在治療師口語反應模式上,不投入者比投入者的治療師在 接案晤談的前三分之一過程中,使用較多的認可-再保證;在後三分之一的過 程時,則出現較多的情感反應、卻較少提供有關助人過程的資訊。不投入者比 投入者有較高的接案晤談前之依附焦慮。最後討論在實務上及研究上的應用。

Acknowledgements

This research was supported in part by financial contributions from Bruce and Barbara Fretz, the Fund for Psychoanalytic Research of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the Society for Counseling Psychology, the Department of Psychology at the University of Maryland, and the Norine Johnson Research Award from Division 29 of the American Psychological Association. Special thanks to Mark Johnson for statistical consultation.

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