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Psychotherapists' personal identities, theoretical orientations, and professional relationships: Elective affinity and role adjustment as modes of congruence

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Pages 718-731 | Received 19 Oct 2012, Accepted 05 Jun 2013, Published online: 08 Jul 2013
 

Abstract

Research shows psychotherapists espousing different theoretical approaches differ in mentality (e.g., cognitive styles, beliefs and epistemologies) and personality (e.g., neuroticism). However, studies have not investigated the association between professional relational style prescribed by therapists' theoretical orientations and therapists' manner of relating in personal life. Analyses of over 4000 therapists of varied nationalities, professions and career levels having different theoretical preferences indicate: (i) therapists' self-experience in close personal relationships was significantly associated with the manner their theoretical orientations prescribed for relating with clients; (ii) therapists were less accepting, less tolerant and more demanding in their personal relationships than with clients; and (iii) therapists adjusted their professional relational manner in practice to meet the specific expectations of their preferred orientations.

文獻指出不同取向的治療者在其心理狀態(例如:認知型態、信念與認識論) 與人格特質(例如:神經質)的表現上有所差異。然而,並無文獻進一步探究 治療者從個人的所發展出來的專業關係風格以及個人生活風格的關連。本研究 分析超過四千位不同國籍、不同專長,與不同生涯發展層級的治療者,結果指 出:(1)治療者在親密關係中的經驗與其所選擇的理論取向所強調的如何與 案主建立關係的精神有顯著關聯;(2)與治療關係相較之下,治療者在其個 人生活中是較少接納與耐性,以及較多的支配性;(3)治療者會調整自身的 專業關係的理念,以符合其偏好理論取向的期望。

La ricerca mostra come psicoterapeuti che sposano approcci teorici diversi differiscano nella mentalità (ad esempio, stili cognitivi, credenze ed epistemologie) e nella personalità (ad esempio, neuroticismo). Tuttavia, gli studi non hanno indagato l'associazione tra lo stile relazionale professionale prescritto dall'orientamento teorico dei terapeuti e il modo dei terapeuti di relazionarsi nella vita personale. Le analisi di oltre 4000 terapeuti di varie nazionalità, professioni e livello di carriera con preferenze teoriche diverse indicano che: (i) l'esperienza personale dei terapeuti nelle relazioni personali intime era significativamente associata alla modalità che il loro orientamento teorico prescriveva per relazionarsi con i pazienti; (ii) i terapeuti erano meno accettanti, meno tolleranti e più richiedenti nelle loro relazioni personali che con i pazienti; e (III) i terapeuti adeguavano il loro modo di relazionarsi nella pratica professionale per rispondere alle specifiche aspettative dei loro orientamenti preferiti.

Die Forschung zeigt, dass Psychotherapeuten, je nachdem welchem theoretischen Ansatz sie sich verschrieben haben, unterschiedliche Mentalitäten (z. B. kognitiver Stil, Überzeugungen und Erkenntnistheorien) und Persönlichkeiten (z. B. Neurotizismus) zeigen. Allerdings wurde in den bisherigen Studien der Zusammenhang zwischen dem professionellen Beziehungsstil, so wie er durch die theoretische Orientierung des Therapeuten festgelegt ist, und der Art und Weise der Beziehungsgestaltung des Therapeuten in seinem Privatleben noch nicht untersucht. Die Analyse von über 4000 Therapeuten unterschiedlicher Nationalitäten, Professionen und Karrierestufen mit unterschiedlichen theoretischen Präferenzen zeigte: (i) die eigene Erfahrung des Therapeuten bezüglich seiner Beziehungsgestaltung in seinem Privatleben ist signifikant assoziiert mit der Art und Weise der Beziehungsgestaltung zu Klienten, die seine theoretischen Orientierung vorsah; (ii) Therapeuten waren weniger akzeptierend, weniger tolerant und fordernder in ihren persönlichen Beziehungen als in denen zu ihren Klienten; und (iii) Therapeuten passten die Art und Weise ihrer professionellen Beziehungsgestaltung so an, dass sie den Erwartungen ihrer präferierten theoretischen Orientierung entsprachen.

A investigação demonstra que psicoterapeutas que defendem diferentes abordagens teóricas diferem em termos de mentalidade (e.g., estilos cognitivos, crenças e epistemologias) e personalidade (e.g., neuroticismo). Contudo, os estudos existentes não têm investigado a associação entre o estilo de relação profissional prescrito pelas orientações teóricas dos terapeutas e a forma como os terapeutas se relacionam na sua vida pessoal. A análise de mais de 4000 terapeutas de diversas nacionalidades, profissões e níveis de carreira, com diferentes preferências teóricas indica que: (i) a auto-experiência do terapeuta nas relações próximas estava significativamente associada com a forma de relacionamento prescrita pelas suas orientações teóricas de relacionamento com os clientes; (ii) os terapeutas revelaram-se menos aceitantes, menos tolerantes e mais directivos nos seus relacionamentos pessoais comparativamente com o relacionamento com os seus clientes; (iii) os terapeutas ajustaram sua forma de relacionamento profissional na prática para atingir as expectativas específicas das suas orientações preferidas.

Acknowledgments

The financial support of the Emil Aaltonen Foundation, the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Fulbright Center to the first author is gratefully acknowledged.

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