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EMPIRICAL PAPER

Changes in attachment representations during psychological therapy

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Pages 222-238 | Received 14 Mar 2013, Accepted 17 Jan 2014, Published online: 21 Feb 2014
 

Abstract

Objectives: This review systematically examines research that investigates changes in adult attachment representations during psychological therapy. Method: Studies from two adult attachment approaches are reviewed (interview and self-report) with the aim of concluding whether psychotherapy can improve attachment representations. To guide the interpretation of findings, the methodological quality of studies is assessed. Results: The results suggest that attachment security increases following therapy, whereas attachment anxiety decreases following therapy. Findings are unclear with regard to attachment avoidance. Improvements are observed across different methodologies, patient groups, therapeutic approaches, and therapy settings. Findings also appear to be consistent across different levels of study quality. Conclusions: Overall, research supports the suggestion that attachment styles may alter during the course of psychotherapy, but further controlled trials are required to confirm this conclusion.

Obiettivi: Questa review valuta in modo sistematico le ricerche che hanno studiato il cambiamento nelle rappresentazioni dell'attaccamento adulto nel corso della terapia psicologica. Metodo: Sono stati considerati gli studi effettuati secondo due approcci di attaccamento adulto (intervista e self report) con l'obiettivo di valutare se la psicoterapia può migliorare le rappresentazioni di attaccamento. Viene valutata la qualità metodologica degli studi per guidare l'interpretazione dei risultati. Risultati: I risultati suggeriscono che l'attaccamento sicuro aumenta dopo la terapia, mentre l'attaccamento ansioso diminuisce dopo la terapia. I risultati sono poco chiari per quanto riguarda l'attaccamento evitante. Sono stati osservati miglioramenti in diverse metodologie, gruppi di pazienti, approcci terapeutici e setting terapeutici. I risultati sembrano essere coerenti anche tra i diversi livelli di qualità dello studio. Conclusioni: In generale, la ricerca supporta l'idea che gli stili di attaccamento possono cambiare nel corso della psicoterapia, ma sono necessari ulteriori studi controllati per confermare questa conclusione.

Ziel: Dieses Review untersucht systematisch die Forschung, die Veränderungen in den Bindungsrepräsentationen von Erwachsenen während der psychologischen Therapie. Methode: Studien von zwei Ansätzen zur Bindung von Erwachsenen (Interview und Selbstbericht) sind hier mit dem Ziel besprochen, zusammen zu fassen, ob Psychotherapie die Bindungsrepräsentationen verbessern kann. Die methodologische Qualität dieser Studien wird untersucht, um die Interpretation der Studien zu leiten. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass die Bindungssicherheit nach der Therapie steigt, während die Bindungsangst nach der Therapie niedriger wird. Die Befunde sind unklar im Hinblick auf die Bindungsvermeidung. Die Verbesserungen sind über verschiedene Methoden, Patientengruppen, Therapieansätze und Therapiesettings hinweg zu beobachten. Die Befunde scheinen also zwischen verschiedenen Ebenen der Studienqualität konsistent zu sein. Schlussfolgerungen: Insgesamt unterstützt die Forschung den Vorschlag, dass die Bindungsstile sich im Verlauf der Psychotherapie ändern können, aber weitere kontrollierte Untersuchungen sind nötig, um diese Schlussfolgerung zu bestätigen.

Objetivos: Esta revisão examina de forma sistemática a investigação que estuda mudanças das representações de vinculação de adultos durante terapia psicológica. Método: Foram revistos estudos de duas abordagens à vinculação de adultos (entrevista e autorrelato) com o objetivo de concluir se a psicoterapia pode melhorar as representações de vinculação. É avaliada a qualidade metodológica dos estudos para guiar a interpretação dos resultados. Resultados: Os resultados sugerem que a segurança da vinculação aumenta após a terapia enquanto a ansiedade de vinculação diminui após a terapia. São observadas melhorias em diferentes metodologias, grupos de pacientes, abordagens terapêuticas e contextos terapêuticos. Os resultados também parecem ser consistentes entre diferentes níveis de qualidade dos estudos. Conclusões: Globalmente, a investigação suporta a sugestão que os estilos de vinculação podem ser alterados durante o curso da psicoterapia mas são necessários futuros ensaios controlados para confirmar esta conclusão.

目的: 針對成人依附表徵在治療過程中改變情形之實證研究進行系統化回顧。方法:回顧運用二種成人依附探究方法(訪談及自陳)以了解心理治療是否能夠改善依附表徵的研究。為了能夠對研究結果的解釋有所指引,本研究亦評估這些研究,其研究方法的品質適切性。結果:研究結果發現隨著治療的進展,安全依附增加,而焦慮依附則減少,至於對逃避依附的研究結果則不明確。在不同的方法學、個案類型、治療取向及治療情境中,都可以觀察到改善的情況。在不同品質的研究中,都有一致的研究發現。結論:整體而言,本研究支持了依附風格在治療歷程中可能會改變的觀點,但仍需後續更多控制嚴謹的實驗來進一步確認本結論。

Notes

1 An alternative way to categorize the different approaches to conceptualizing attachment would be along the lines outlined by Roisman et al. (Citation2007), whereby the AAI, as a measure focused on coherence of earlier memories, is seen as distinct from other measures that are directed at explicit cognitions around adult relationships. However, this approach raises uncertainties about where to place measures like the AAPR, which cover both relationships with parents as well as adult relationships. We therefore opted to categorize measures in terms of interviews versus self-report methodologies.

2 The questions assessing this domain were slightly adapted to take account of the specific biases that could arise from the use of different data collection methods.

3 Lawson and Bossart (Citation2009) did not analyse change in attachment as this was not the aim of the study.

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