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EMPIRICAL PAPER

Relationship representations and change in adolescents and emerging adults during psychodynamic psychotherapy

, &
Pages 279-296 | Received 30 Jul 2014, Accepted 12 Jan 2015, Published online: 03 Mar 2015
 

Abstract

Objective: Two groups of clients at sequential developmental stages, adolescents and emerging adults, were compared regarding their presenting problems, psychological distress, and relationship representations over one year of psychotherapy. Method: Thirty adolescents aged 14–18 years and 30 emerging adults aged 22–28 years, with similar demographic background, completed outcome measures and interviews according to the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) method. Results: The groups differed significantly in the presenting problems but did not differ in their initial levels of distress; their symptoms improved to a similar extent after one year of psychotherapy; differences between the groups in the representations of others were consistent with age-specific developmental challenges; levels of representations were associated with levels of symptoms at the end-point of treatment. Conclusion: Clinicians need to be attuned to the specific difficulties and challenges of these continuous yet distinct developmental stages.

Ziel: Zwei Klientengruppen in zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Entwicklungsstufen, Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene, wurden hinsichtlich ihrer aktuellen Probleme, ihrem psychologischen Leiden und ihrer Beziehungsrepräsentationen, über den Verlauf von einem Jahr Psychotherapie miteinander verglichen. Methode: Dreißig Jugendliche im Alter von 14-18 Jahren und dreißig junge Erwachsene im Alter von 22-28 Jahren mit jeweils ähnlichem demographischen Hintergrund nahmen an Messungen und Interviews zum Therapieerfolg (entsprechend der Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) Methode) teil. Ergebnisse: Die Gruppen unterschieden sich signifikant voneinander in Bezug auf ihre aktuellen Probleme, jedoch nicht hinsichtlich ihres anfänglichen Leidensdrucks; die Symptome verbesserten sich in ähnlichem Ausmaß nach einem Jahr Psychotherapie; die Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen hinsichtlich ihrer Repräsentationen anderer waren konsistent mit ihren altersspezifischen Entwicklungsaufgaben; die Ebene der Repräsentation war mit der Stärke der Symptomatik am Ende der Behandlung assoziiert. Schlussfolgerung: Kliniker müssen die spezifischen Schwierigkeiten und Herausforderungen dieser kontinuierlichen, jedoch voneinander abgrenzbaren Entwicklungsstufen berücksichtigen.

Obiettivo: sono stati messi confronto due gruppi di pazienti a stadi di sviluppo sequenziali, adolescenti e giovani adulti, sono stati confrontati per quanto riguarda i loro problemi presentati, il disagio psicologico e le rappresentazioni delle relazione dopo un anno di psicoterapia. Metodo: Trenta adolescenti di età compresa tra 14-18 anni e 30 giovani adulti di età compresa tra 22-28 anni, con simili caratteristiche demografiche, hanno effettuato delle misure di esito e interviste secondo il metodo Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT). Risultati: I gruppi differivano in modo significativo nei problemi presentati, ma non nei loro livelli iniziali di disagio; i loro sintomi sono migliorati in misura simile dopo un anno di psicoterapia; differenze tra i gruppi nelle rappresentazioni degli altri erano coerenti con le sfide specifiche all'età poste dalla crescita; i livelli delle rappresentazioni erano associati ai livelli di sintomi e al punto finale del trattamento. Conclusione: i terapeuti hanno bisogno di essere in sintonia con le specifiche difficoltà e le sfide di questi stadi di sviluppo continui ma distinti.

Objetivo: Foram comparados dois grupos de clientes em estádios de desenvolvimento sequenciais, adolescentes e jovens adultos, relativamente aos problemas apresentados, mal-estar psicológico e representações das relações, ao longo de um ano de psicoterapia. Método: Trinta adolescentes com idades entre 14-18 anos e 30 jovens adultos com idades entre 22-28 anos, ambos os grupos com background demográfico semelhante, preencheram medidas de resultados e entrevistas segundo o método do Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT). Resultados: Os grupos diferiram significativamente nos problemas apresentados, mas não diferiram nos seus níveis iniciais de mal-estar; os seus sintomas melhoraram a níveis semelhantes após um ano de psicoterapia; as diferenças entre os grupos quanto às representações dos outros foram consistentes com os desafios de desenvolvimento específicos da idade; os níveis das suas representações foram associados aos seus níveis de sintomas aquando da finalização do tratamento. Conclusão: Os clínicos precisam de estar conscientes das dificuldades e dos desafios específicos destes estádios de desenvolvimento, que embora em continuidade são naturalmente distintos.

目標:本研究旨在了解青春期與成人初期的兩組病患,接受為期一年以上之精神動力治療,就其求助的問題、心理困擾與關係表徵等進行比較。 方法:選取30位年齡為14-18歲的青春期案主,與30位年齡為22-28之成人初期案主,兩組病患個人背景變項相似,依照核心關係衝突主題法(CCRT)進行訪談與成效測量。 結果:兩組受試者晤談初期的困擾程度差不多,但求助問題明顯不同,經過一年的治療後,他們問題症狀改善程度差不多,兩者關係表徵的差異符合其發展階段特有的困難,治療結束時表徵的程度和症狀困擾程度有相關。結論: 臨床工作者要熟悉這些雖然屬於連續性,但是有不同困難與挑戰的發展階段。

Acknowledgments

We thank Prof. Shmuel Shulman, Prof. Jacques Barber and Dr Sigal Zilcha-Mano for comments that greatly improved the manuscript. We express our deep gratitude to Dr Edna Guttmann for providing valuable statistical assistance; to our research coordinators: Miri Cardonis, Ayelet Gal-Oz and Miri Frank; to Maane, youth counseling center; and to the student psychological services at the Hebrew University for their cooperation.

Notes

1 A detailed description of the included and excluded CCRT categories is available upon request from the first author.

2 An implementation of this algorithm is freely available at http://quantbio-tools.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/Iclust. The Matlab code is freely available upon request.

3 Residual gain scores represent the difference between the pre-test and the post-test, controlling for the pre-test score.

Additional information

Funding

This research was supported in part by Post- doctoral Fellowship of the University of Haifa to Dana Atzil-Slonim and by the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) grant 178/07 to Hadas Wiseman and Orya Tishby.

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