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ARTICLES

Narrative flexibility in brief psychotherapy for depression

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, &
Pages 666-676 | Received 15 Aug 2015, Accepted 29 Jan 2016, Published online: 19 Apr 2016
 

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to further understand how narrative flexibility contributes to therapeutic outcome in brief psychotherapy for depression utilizing the Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System (NEPCS), an observational measure that identifies specific markers of narrative and emotion integration in therapy sessions. Method: The present study investigated narrative flexibility by examining the contribution of NEPCS shifting (i.e., movement between NEPCS markers) in early, middle, and late sessions of client-centred therapy (CCT), emotion-focused therapy (EFT), and cognitive therapy (CT) and treatment outcome (recovered versus unchanged at the therapy termination). A logistic regression, with Wald tests of parameter estimates and pairwise comparisons, was used to test the study hypotheses. Results: Results demonstrated that for recovered clients, the probability of shifting over the course of a therapy session was constant, whereas the probability of shifting declined for unchanged clients as the session progressed. There was also evidence that longer duration of time spent in any single NEPCS marker was negatively associated with shifting for both recovered and unchanged clients, although the effect was stronger for unchanged clients. Conclusions: The results provided preliminary support for the contribution of narrative flexibility to treatment outcomes in EFT, CCT, and CT treatments of depression.

Resumo

Objetivo: Compreender melhor como a flexibilidade narrativa contribui para o resultado terapêutico em psicoterapia breve para depressão utilizando o Sistema de Codificação de Processo Narrativo-Emocional (NEPCS), uma medida observacional que identifica marcadores específicos de integração entre narrativa e emoção em sessões de terapia. Método: O presente estudo investigou a flexibilidade narrativa examinando a contribuição da alternância do NEPCS (ou seja, o movimento entre os marcadores do NEPCS) em sessões de início, meio e mais avançadas, em processos de terapia centrada no cliente (CCT), de terapia centrada na emoção (EFT) e de terapia cognitiva (CT), de acordo com o resultado do tratamento (casos de clientes recuperados versus casos inalterados ao final da terapia). Uma regressão logística, com testes de Wald de estimativas de parâmetros e comparações em pares, foi utilizada para testar as hipóteses do estudo. Resultados: os resultados demonstraram que, para clientes recuperados, a probabilidade de alternância ao longo de uma sessão de terapia foi constante, enquanto a probabilidade de alternância declinou nos clientes inalterados à medida que a sessão avançava. Foi também encontrada evidência de que o tempo de duração mais longo gasto em qualquer marcador NEPCS foi negativamente associado à mudança tanto para clientes recuperados quanto para clientes inalterados, embora o efeito tenha sido mais forte para os clientes inalterados. Conclusão: os resultados fornecem suporte preliminar para o contribuição da flexibilidade narrativa para os resultados dos tratamentos da depressão baseados em EFT, CCT e CT.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel: Ziel dieser Studie war es besser zu verstehen, wie narrative Flexibilität zum Therapieergebnis in der Kurzzeitpsychotherapie für Depression beiträgt. Eingesetzt wurde das Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System (NEPCS), ein Beobachtungsmaß, welches spezifische Marker der Narration und der emotionalen Integration in Therapiesitzungen identifiziert. Methode: Die aktuelle Studie untersuchte die narrative Flexibilität durch die Analyse der Beiträge von NEPCS Wechsel (d.h. Wechsel zwischen NEPCS Markern) in frühen, mittleren und späten Sitzungen Klientenzentrierter Therapie (CCT), Emotionsfokussierter Therapie (EFT) und Kognitiver Therapie (CT) zum Behandlungsergebnis (remittiert vs. unverändert bei Therapieende). Eine logistische Regression mit Wald-Tests der Parameterschätzungen und paarweisen Vergleichen wurde eingesetzt, um die Studienhypothesen zu testen. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass für remittierte Klienten, die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Wechsel über den Verlauf einer Therapiesitzung konstant blieb, wobei für unveränderte Klienten, die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Wechsel über den Verlauf der Therapiesitzung abnahm. Auch gab es Belege dafür, dass längere Zeiträume, die in irgendeinem einzigen NEPCS Marker verbracht wurden, negativ mit Wechsel in remittierten sowie unveränderten Klienten assoziiert waren, wobei dieser Effekt für unveränderte Klienten stärker war. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse liefern erste Belege für den Beitrag der narrativen Flexibilität zu den Behandlungsergebnissen in EFT-, CCT- und CT- Behandlungen für Depression.

摘要

目的:本研究的目的是進一步了解敘事靈活度在憂鬱者之短期心理治療中,如何對治療效果發生助益。,研究中使用一項辨識治療中之敘事與情緒整合程度指標的觀察式測量,即敘事-情緒歷程計分系統(NEPCS)。方法:本研究檢視在案主中心治療(CCT)、情緒焦點治療(EFT)與認知治療(CT)的前中後期,以及在治療效果上(在結案時復原或無改變),NEPCS轉換(即,在NEPCS指標之間的變動)的助益,以此對敘事靈活度進行探討。以參數估計值之Wald tests的羅吉斯迴歸、配對比較進行研究假設之考驗。結果:對復原組案主而言,在療程中轉換的比例是穩定的,但對未改變組案主而言,轉變的比例會隨著療程減少。也發現花在一個NEPCS指標上的時間與兩組之轉換有負相關,但未改變組的相關更強。結論:初步支持敘事靈活度對於憂鬱者之EFT、CCT、CT治療的效果有助益。

Obiettivo: Questo studio mirava a comprendere meglio capire come la flessibilità narrativa contribuisca all'esito della terapia nelle psicoterapie per depressione utilizzando il Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System (NEPCS), uno strumento osservazionale che identifica specifici marker dell'integrazione narrativa ed emotiva nelle sedute di terapia. Metodo: il presente studio ha investigato la flessibilità narrativa esaminando il contributo nei cambiamenti del NEPCS (ad es., spostamento tra i marker NEPCS) nelle sedute iniziali, mediane e finali della terapia centrata sul cliente (CCT), la terapia focalizzata sulle emozioni (EFT) e la terapia cognitiva (CT), e l'esito del trattamento (“guarito” versus “non cambiato” a fine terapia). Una regressione logistica, con i test di Wald delle stime dei parametri e il confronto parallelo, è stata usata per testare le ipotesi dello studio. Risultati: I Risultati hanno dimostrato che per i pazienti “guariti”, la probabilità di uno spostamento nel corso delle sedute di terapia era costante, invece la probabilità di cambiamento decadeva per i pazienti “non cambiati” con lo scorrere della seduta. Ci sono state evidenze del fatto che una durata di tempo maggiore speso in ogni singolo marker NEPCS era negativamente associata al cambiamento sia per i pazienti “guariti” sia per i “non cambiati”, nonostante l'effetto fosse più forte per i clienti “non cambiati”. Conclusioni: i Risultati hanno fornito supporto preliminare al contributo della flessibilità narrativa nell'esito del trattamento nelle terapie EFT, CCT e CT per la depressione.

Notes

1 A fully saturated model contains the full set of main effects and possible interactions for all available variables.

2 Removing or adding any fixed effects results in a loss in model fit, while multicollinearity and influential data have been accounted for. The final model contains main effects for the three time variables, outcome, treatment, storytelling type (i.e., NEPCS marker), and previous storytelling type (time lagged). Interactions for outcome by duration of storytelling and for both the current and previous storytelling types were included. All other interactions and main effects were eliminated in model building.

3 The majority of the fixed effect variables in the model describe differences between participants. The estimated variance for the random intercepts is zero after accounting for treatment type, outcome, NEPCS marker, the participant-specific mean duration of storytelling, and all interactions that involve between-subject differences. Between-subject differences are estimated mean differences that determine the location of the intercept. The estimated zero value for the random intercept variance forces the total residual variance for each model to be exactly the same, which causes the estimates of all parameters and test statistics to be the same between the multilevel and ordinary logistic models.

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