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SPECIAL SECTION: ELABORATING THE ASSIMILATION MODEL: CASE STUDIES OF SETBACKS WITHIN SESSIONS AND THERAPEUTIC COLLABORATION

Therapeutic collaboration and the assimilation of problematic experiences in emotion-focused therapy for depression: Comparison of two cases

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Pages 665-680 | Received 10 May 2015, Accepted 28 Jun 2016, Published online: 29 Jul 2016
 

Abstract

Objective: The Assimilation model argues that therapists should work responsively within the client’s therapeutic zone of proximal development (TZPD). This study analyzed the association between the collaborative processes assessed by the Therapeutic Collaboration Coding System (TCCS) and advances in assimilation, as assessed by the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES). Method: Sessions 1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 of two contrasting cases, Julia and Afonso (pseudonyms), drawn from a clinical trial of 16-sessions emotion-focused therapy (EFT) for depression, were coded according to the APES and the TCCS. Julia met criteria for reliable and clinically significant improvement, whereas Afonso did not. Results: As expected, Julia advanced farther along the APES than did Afonso. Both therapists worked mainly within their client’s TZPD. However, Julia’s therapist used a balance of supporting and challenging interventions, whereas Afonso’s therapist used mainly supporting interventions. Setbacks were common in both cases. Conclusions: This study supports the theoretical expectation that EFT therapists work mainly within their client’s TZPD. Therapeutic exchanges involving challenging interventions may foster client change if they occur in an overall climate of safety.

Obiettivo: Il modello di assimilazione sostiene che i terapeuti dovrebbero lavorare responsabilmente nella zona terapeutica di sviluppo prossimale del paziente (TZPD). Questo studio ha analizzato l'associazione tra processi collaborativi valutati con il Therapeutic Collaboration Coding System (TCCS) e progressi nella assimilazione con la Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale (APES). Metodo: Sono state valutate con l'APES e il TCCS le sedute 1, 4, 8, 12 e 16 di due casi contrastanti, Giulia e Afonso (pseudonimi), tratti da uno studio clinico di 16 sedute di terapia focalissata sull'emozione (EFT) per la depressione. Giulia ha mostrato i criteri per un miglioramento affidabile e clinicamente significativo, a differenza di Afonso. Risultati: Come previsto, Giulia è avanzata più a lungo nell'APES rispetto ad Afonso. Entrambi i terapeuti hanno lavorato principalmente all'interno della TZPD del loro paziente. Tuttavia, terapeuta di Giulia ha bilanciato interventi supportavi e di cambiamento, mentre il terapeuta di Afonso ha utilizzato principalmente interventi supportivi. Battute d'arresto sono state comuni in entrambi i casi. Conclusioni: Questo studio supporta l'aspettativa teorica che i terapeuti EFT lavorano principalmente nella TZPD del loro pazienti. Gli scambi terapeutici che comprendono interventi di cambiamento possono promuovere il cambiamento del paziente se si verificano in un clima generale di sicurezza.

Objetivo: O modelo de Assimilação argumenta que o terapeuta deverá trabalhar de modo responsivo, dentro da zona terapêutica de desenvolvimento proximal (ZTDP) dos clientes. Este estudo analisou a associação entre os processos colaborativos obtidos com o Sistema de Codificação da Colaboração Terapêutica (SCCT) e os avanços na assimilação, tal como avaliados pela Escala de Assimilação de Experiências Problemáticas (EAEP). Método: As sessões 1, 4, 8, 12 e 16 de dois casos contrastantes, Júlia e Afonso (pseudónimos), decorrentes de uma amostra clínica de terapia focada nas emoções (TFE) de 16 sessões, foram codificadas de acordo com a EAEP e o SCCT. Júlia preencheu os critérios para mudança clínica significativa e confiável, enquanto que Afonso não. Resultados: Tal como esperado, Júlia avançou mais na EAEP do que Afonso. Ambos os terapeutas trabalharam maioritariamente dentro das ZTDP dos clientes. Contudo, o terapeuta de Júlia utilizou intervenções de suporte e desafio de forma mais balanceada, enquanto que o terapeuta de Afonso utilizou maioritariamente intervenções de suporte. Em ambos os casos foram comuns retrocessos. Conclusões: Este estudo suporta a expectativa teórica de que os terapeutas de TFE trabalham maioritariamente dentro das ZDPT dos clientes. As interações terapêuticas que envolvem intervenções de desafio podem promover a mudança do cliente desde que ocorram num contexto geral de segurança.

Ziel: Das Assimilationsmodell postuliert, dass Therapeuten auf den Klienten angepasst und innerhalb der therapeutischen Zone der proximalen Entwicklung (TZPD) des Klienten arbeiten sollten. Diese Studie analysierte den Zusammenhang zwischen kollaborativen Prozessen, erfasst durch das Kodierungssystem der therapeutischen Kollaboration (TCCS), und Fortschritte der Assimilation, erfasst durch die Skala zur Assimilation problematischer Erlebnisse (APES). Methode: Sitzungen 1, 4, 8, 12 und 16 von zwei kontrastierenden Fällen, Julia und Afonso (Pseudonymen), welche von einer klinischen Studie über 16 Sitzungen emotionsfokussierte Therapie (EFT) für Depression gewonnen wurden, wurden anhand des TCCS und der APES kodiert. Julia erfüllte die Kriterien für reliable und klinisch signifikante Veränderung, Afonso nicht. Ergebnisse: Wie erwartet machte Julia weitere Fortschritte auf der APES als Afonso. Beide Therapeuten arbeiteten hauptsächlich innerhalb der TZPD ihrer Klienten. Jedoch verwendete der Therapeut von Julia einen Ausgleich zwischen unterstützenden und herausfordernden Interventionen, während der Therapeut von Afonso hauptsächlich unterstützende Interventionen verwendete. Rückschritte waren in beiden Fällen häufig. Schlussfolgerungen: Diese Studie unterstützt die theoretische Erwartung, dass EFT-Therapeuten hauptsächlich innerhalb der TZPD ihrer Klienten arbeiten. Ein therapeutischer Austausch, welcher herausfordernde Interventionen einschließt, konnte Veränderung beim Klienten fördern, wenn dieser im Rahmen einer insgesamt sicheren Atmosphäre stattfindet.

目標:同化模式認為治療師必須根據個案的療效可能發展區(TZPD)做出回應。本研究檢視由治療合作編碼系統(TCCS)所測得的合作歷程,以及由同化困擾經驗量表(APES)所評估到的同化進展階段,二者之間的關聯。方法:比較化名為Julia和 Afonso的兩位相反類型的憂鬱症案主,他們接受16次焦點情緒取向治療,取得他們在第 1, 4, 8, 12,16次臨床晤談時所檢測的APES 和TCCS編碼;其中Julia的改善程度符合臨床上顯著的可信賴標準;相反地Afonso 則否。結果:如同研究假設所預期,Julia於APES上的進展遠高於Afons的。雖然兩位治療師主要均是在案主的療效可能發展區工作,然而Julia的治療師運用支持與挑戰兼具的平衡介入策略,而Afonso的治療師僅運用支持為主要的介入策略。兩位案主也均出現退步經驗。結論:本研究支持EFT取向治療師的理論假設,亦即治療師均能在案主的療效可能發展區內工作,如果案主全程在安全的氣氛下進行晤談,那麼挑戰的介入策略將能助長案主治療性的改變。

Additional information

Funding

This study was partially conducted at Psychology Research Centre (UID/PSI/01662/2013), University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653). This article was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [grant number PTDC/PSI-PCL/103432/2008] (Decentering and change in psychotherapy, 2010–2013).

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