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EMPIRICAL PAPERS

A self-report version of the Ways of Responding: Reliability and validity in a clinical sample

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Pages 581-592 | Received 06 May 2016, Accepted 23 Aug 2016, Published online: 22 Sep 2016
 

Abstract

Objective: The Ways of Responding (WOR) instrument measures compensatory skills, a central construct in some theories of the mechanism of cognitive therapy for depression. However, the instrument is time-consuming and expensive to use in community settings, because it requires trained independent judges to rate subjects’ open-ended written responses to depressogenic scenarios. The present study evaluated the reliability and validity of a self-report version of the WOR (WOR-SR) in a community mental health sample with depressive symptoms (N = 467). Method: Subjects completed the WOR-SR, a modified version of the original WOR, and other measures of depressive symptoms, dysfunctional cognitions, functioning, quality of life, and interpersonal problems at multiple time points. Results: An exploratory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of the WOR-SR. The positive and negative subscales both demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alphas = .91) and moderate convergent validity with other measures. Conclusion: The WOR-SR is a reliable and valid measure of compensatory skills in patients receiving treatment for depression at community mental health centers.

Resumo

Objetivo: O instrumento Modos de Responder (MR) mede habilidades compensatórias, um construto central em algumas teorias do mecanismo de terapia cognitiva para depressão. No entanto, o instrumento consome tempo e é oneroso para settings comunitários, porque exige que juízes independentes treinados avaliem as respostas escritas abertas dos sujeitos a cenários depressogênicos. O presente estudo avaliou a confiabilidade e a validade de uma versão de autorrelato do MR (MR-AR) em uma amostra comunitária de saúde mental com sintomas depressivos (N=467). Método: Sujeitos completaram o MR-AR, uma versão modificada do MR original, e outras medidas de sintomas depressivos, cognições disfuncionais, funcionamento, qualidade de vida e problemas interpessoais em vários momentos. Resultados: Uma análise fatorial exploratória confirmou a estrutura de dois fatores da MR-AR. As subescalas positiva e negativa demonstraram excelente consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach=0,91) e moderada validade convergente com outras medidas. Conclusão: O MR-AR é uma medida confiável e válida de habilidades compensatórias em pacientes que recebem tratamento para depressão em centros comunitários de saúde mental.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel: Das Wege-Zu-Reagieren (WOR)-Instrument misst kompensatorische Fähigkeiten, ein zentrales Konstrukt in einigen Theorien des Mechanismus der kognitiven Therapie bei Depression. Das Instrument ist jedoch zeitaufwendig und teuer in der Verwendung in der Grundversorgung, da es geschulte unabhängige Bewerter erfordert, die die offenen schriftlichen Antworten der Teilnehmer auf depressogene Szenarien bewerten. Die vorliegende Studie evaluiert die Zuverlässigkeit und Validität einer Selbstauskunftsversion des WOR (WOR-SR) in einer Stichprobe mit depressiven Symptomen aus der Grundversorgung (N=467). Methode: Die Probanden absolvierten die WOR-SR, eine modifizierte Version der ursprünglichen WOR, sowie andere Maße depressiver Symptome, dysfunktionaler Kognitionen, der Funktionsfähigkeit, Lebensqualität und zwischenmenschlichen Problemen zu mehreren Zeitpunkten. Ergebnisse: Eine explorative Faktorenanalyse bestätigte die Zwei-Faktor-Struktur des WOR-SR. Die positiven und negativen Subskalen erwiesen beide eine ausgezeichnete interne Konsistenz (Cronbachs Alpha=.91) und eine mäßige konvergente Validität mit anderen Maßen. Schlussfolgerung: Die WOR-SR ist ein reliables und valides Maß der kompensatorischen Fähigkeiten bei Patienten, die wegen Depressionen in der psychiatrischen Grundversorgung behandelt werden.

摘要

目標:補償技巧是許多憂鬱認知治療理論機轉中的主要架構,而回應方式(WOR)測驗則是其測量工具。然而,由於這項工具需要受過訓練的獨立評估者,針對受試者對於致鬱性情境的開放性書寫回應進行評量,因此在社區情境運用時既耗時又昂貴。本研究以某社區心理健康中心有憂鬱症狀的住院病患為樣本(N=467)來評量WOR自陳式版本(WOR-SR)的信度和效度。方法:受試者需要完成修改自WOR原版的WOR-SR,以及在多個時間點完成其他測量,包括憂鬱症狀、失功能認知、整體功能、生活品質和人際問題。結果:透過探索性因素分析確認WOR-SR的二因素結構。正向和負向分量表均呈現良好的內部一致性(Cronbach's alphas=.91),並且與其他測驗具有中度聚斂效度。結論:對於在社區心理健康中心接受憂鬱症狀治療的患者,WOR-SR在測量補償技巧方面,是一項具有可靠性和有效性的測量工具。

Obiettivo: il Ways of Responding (WOR) è uno strumento che misura le abilità compensative, un costrutto centrale in alcune teorie sul meccanismo della terapia cognitiva per la depressione. Tuttavia, lo strumento è dispendioso in termini di tempo e costoso per essere utilizzato in un contesto di comunità, perché richiede giudici indipendenti addestrati a valutare le risposte aperte scritte dei soggetti davanti a scenari depressogeni. Questo studio ha valutato la affidabilità e la validità di una versione self-report del WOR (WOR-SR) in un campione di pazienti con sintomi depressivi afferenti ai servizi di salute mentale (N=467). Metodo: i soggetti hanno completato il WOR-SR, una versione modificata del WOR originale e altre misure dei sintomi depressivi, cognizioni disfunzionali, funzionamento, qualità della vita e problemi interpersonali in diversi momenti. Risultati: un'analisi fattoriale esplorativa ha confermato la struttura a due fattori del WOR-SR. Sia le sottoscale positive che negative hanno dimostrato un'eccellente coerenza interna (alfa di Cronbach=.91) e una moderata validità convergente moderata con altre misure. Conclusione: il WOR-SR è una misura affidabile e valida delle competenze compensative nei pazienti che ricevono un trattamento per la depressione presso i centri di salute mentale pubblici.

Acknowledgements

The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the National Institute of Mental Health.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [grant number R01 HS018440]; National Institute of Mental Health [grant number R01 MH092363].

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