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EMPIRICAL PAPERS

The impact of resistance on empathy in CBT for generalized anxiety disorder

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Pages 606-615 | Received 21 Aug 2015, Accepted 22 Sep 2016, Published online: 19 Oct 2016
 

Abstract

Objective: Client resistance has been shown to relate to poorer therapy outcomes, thus making it important to better understand the mechanisms underlying this association. Given observational research suggesting that therapist empathy decreases during moments of resistance, the present study examined client-rated therapist empathy as a potential mediator of the resistance-outcome association. Method: Participants included 44 therapist-client dyads receiving cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Trained observers rated an early therapy session for the level of client resistance, and clients completed a corresponding postsession measure of therapist empathy. Posttreatment outcome was measured via client-rated worry severity. Results: Higher client resistance was significantly associated with poorer treatment outcome and lower client postsession ratings of therapist empathy; however, therapist empathy was not observed to mediate the relationship between resistance and treatment outcomes. Conclusions: As empathy did not mediate the association between resistance and outcome, future research is needed to uncover other potential mechanisms of this association. However, the current results underscore an important link between resistance and client perceived therapist empathy. As empathy has been shown to relate positively to therapy outcomes, our result highlights the need to enhance therapist in-session responsivity to resistance in psychotherapy research and training.

Resumo

Objetivo: A resistência do cliente tem se mostrado relacionada aos resultados mais pobres da terapia, tornando-se importante para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos subjacentes a esta associação. Dado que a pesquisa observacional sugere que a empatia do terapeuta diminui durante os momentos de resistência, o presente estudo examinou a empatia do terapeuta avaliada pelo cliente como um potencial mediador da associação resistência-resultado. Método: Participantes foram 44 díades terapeuta-cliente, recebendo tratamento cognitivo-comportamental para transtorno de ansiedade generalizada. Os observadores treinados classificaram uma sessão inicial de terapia para o nível de resistência do cliente, e os clientes completaram uma medida correspondente de pós-sessão de empatia do terapeuta. O resultado pós-tratamento foi medido por meio da gravidade da preocupação relatada pelo cliente. Resultados: Maior resistência do cliente foi significativamente associada com pior resultado do tratamento e classificações mais baixas de empatia do terapeuta avaliada pelo do cliente; no entanto, não foi observado que a empatia do terapeuta media a relação entre resistência e resultados do tratamento. Conclusões: Como a empatia não media a associação entre resistência e resultado, pesquisas futuras são necessárias para descobrir outros mecanismos potenciais desta associação. No entanto, os resultados atuais ressaltam um importante elo entre resistência e percepção do cliente da empatia do terapeuta. Como a empatia demonstrou estar relacionada positivamente com os resultados da terapia, nosso resultado destaca a necessidade de melhorar a responsividade do terapeuta na sessão à resistência na pesquisa e treinamento em psicoterapia.

Zusammenfassung

Ziel: Es wurde gezeigt, dass Widerstand der Klienten mit schlechteren Therapieergebnissen assoziiert ist, weshalb es wichtig ist, die zu Grunde liegenden Mechanismen dieser Assoziation besser zu verstehen. Da Beobachtungsforschung darauf hindeutet, dass die Empathie des Therapeuten in Momenten des Widerstands abnimmt, untersuchte die vorliegende Studie die vom Klienten bewertete Empathie des Therapeuten als möglichen Mediator der Widerstand-Ergebnis-Assoziation. Methode: Unter den Teilnehmern waren 44 Therapeut-Klient-Dyaden, die kognitive Verhaltenstherapie für generalisierte Angststörung erhielten. Geschulte Beobachter bewerteten eine frühe Therapiesitzung hinsichtlich des Niveaus des Klientenwiderstands, und die Klienten füllten ein entsprechendes Maß der Therapeutenempathie nach der Sitzung aus. Das Behandlungsergebnis wurde mittels der vom Klienten eingeschätzten Sorgenschwere gemessen. Ergebnisse: Höherer Klientenwiderstand war signifikant mit einem schlechteren Behandlungsergebnis und niedrigeren Bewertungen der Therapeutenempathie durch den Klienten nach der Sitzung assoziiert. Allerdings konnte keine Mediation der Beziehung zwischen Widerstand und Behandlungsergebnis durch die Therapeutenempathie beobachtet werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Da Empathie die Beziehung zwischen Widerstand und Behandlungsergebnis nicht mediierte, wird zukünftige Forschung benötigt, um andere mögliche Mechanismen dieser Assoziation aufzudecken. Die aktuellen Ergebnisse unterstreichen jedoch eine wichtige Verbindung zwischen Widerstand und der vom Klienten wahrgenommenem Therapeutenempathie. Da gezeigt wurde, dass Empathie positiv mit den Therapieergebnissen assoziiert ist, unterstreicht unser Ergebnis die Notwendigkeit, die Responsivität des Therapeuten auf Widerstand während der Sitzung in der Psychotherapieforschung und Ausbildung zu verbessern.

摘要

目標:過去研究已經發現案主的抗拒與較差治療成效有關,因此深入瞭解此關係背後的機轉有其重要性。由觀察性的研究得知當案主抗拒時,治療師的同理心會降低;因此本研究旨在檢視「案主評量之治療師同理心」作為「抗拒-成效」關係之潛在中介變項效果。方法:參與者包括接受廣泛性焦慮症認知行為治療之44組治療師-案主配對。受過訓練的觀察者事先針對初期治療過程中案主的抗拒程度進行評量,而案主則在該次晤談後完成對治療師同理心的評量。治療後成效則透過案主自評焦慮嚴重程度進行評量。結果:較高的案主抗拒與較差的治療成效以及較低的治療師同理心具有顯著相關。然而,治療師的同理心對於抗拒與治療成效之間並未觀察到中介效果。結論:由於同理心對於抗拒與治療成效之關係不具中介效果,未來需要更多研究以找出造成此連結的其他潛在機轉。即便如此,本研究仍指出案主的抗拒與案主知覺到的治療師同理心之間有重要的關連。由於過去研究已經顯示同理心與治療成效的正向關係,本研究結果強調在心理治療研究與訓練中,需要增進治療師在晤談中對於抗拒的回應能力。

Obiettivo: la resistenza del paziente si è dimostrata correlata a esiti terapeutici peggiori, rendendo così importante una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi alla base di questa associazione. Visto che la ricerca osservazionale suggerisce che l'empatia del terapeuta diminuisca durante i momenti di resistenza, questo studio ha esaminato l'empatia del terapeuta valutata dal paziente come un potenziale mediatore dell'associazione resistenza-esito. Metodo: i partecipanti comprendevano 44 coppie terapeuta-paziente nel corso di una terapia cognitivo-comportamentale per disturbo d'ansia generalizzato. Osservatori addestrati hanno valutato la seduta iniziale di terapia per quanto riguarda il livello di resistenza del paziente, e i pazienti hanno completato una valutazione corrispondente rispetto all'empatia del terapeuta al termine della seduta. L'esito del trattamento è stato misurato tramite la gravità del rimuginio valutata dal paziente. Risultati: una maggiore resistenza da parte del paziente è stata significativamente associata ad un risultato peggiore del trattamento e a valutazioni più basse da parte del paziente al termine della seduta sull'empatia del terapeuta; tuttavia, non è emerso che l'empatia del terapeuta riesca a mediare la relazione tra resistenza e risultati del trattamento. Conclusioni: poiché l'empatia non funziona da mediatore nell'associazione tra resistenza ed esito, sono necessarie future ricerche per indagare altri potenziali meccanismi di questa associazione. Tuttavia, i risultati attuali sottolineano un importante collegamento tra resistenza e empatia del terapeuta percepita dal paziente. Poiché è emerso che l'empatia è correlata in modo positivo all'esito della terapia, i nostri risultati evidenziano la necessità di incrementare la responsività del terapeuta alla resistenza in seduta nella ricerca e nella formazione in psicoterapia.

Notes

1 Although DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, Citation2013) was not yet published when the study was conducted, criteria were mostly unchanged from DSM-IV to DSM-5, with the exception of the requirement that GAD could not be diagnosed if symptoms occurred exclusively during the course of a mood disorder, psychotic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder (present in DSM-IV and dropped in DSM-5). All participants in the current study would have received a diagnosis of GAD, based on current DSM-5 criteria.

2 A score of 65/80 has been shown to differentiate a diagnosis of GAD on the PSWQ (Behar, Alcaine, Zuellig, & Borkovec, Citation2003). A score of 68/80 was required for study enrollment in the current trial based on moderator analyses from a previous RCT for GAD (Westra, Arkowitz, et al., Citation2009), demonstrating the high severity cutoff to be a score of 68/80.

3 In spite of the traditionally high test–retest reliability of the PSWQ (e.g., Stöber, Citation1998), the low correlation between pre- and post-PSWQ scores in the current study is suspected by authors to be due to the restricted range of the intake baseline PSWQ scores (i.e., a score of at least 68/80 on this measure was required by all clients in order to enroll in the study).

4 Of note, comparable results were obtained when testing the relationship between resistance, empathy, and outcome using a simpler statistical procedure (i.e., multiple regression). Using both methods, there is no evidence for mediation given that postresistance client ratings of therapist empathy (i.e., the mediator) is no longer related to outcomes when resistance is in the model (i.e., breakdown of path B; Biesanz et al., Citation2010). Thus, findings using MLM are likely not due to low statistical power.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and Canadian Institutes of Health Research [114909].

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