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Abstract
Objective: We ask which are the clinically relevant qualities of narratives in psychotherapy and how they can be measured. Method: On the background of psychoanalytic assumptions and narrative theory, we propose to measure formal narrative processes which stay close to the linguistic surface, because these escape conscious control. Results: We propose five aspects of narratives to be especially sensitive to distortions and therefore prone to change in successful therapies: (1) The actual chronological, stepwise narrating of events, (2) the intentional structuring of events, or emplotment, (3) the immediate evaluation, (4) the reflected interpretation of events, and finally (5) the consistency and completeness of the narrative. For each aspect we discuss ways to measure them. Finally the aspects are illustrated with excerpts from a series of diagnostic interviews. Discussion: Implications for the analysis of the co-narrative role of the therapist are suggested.
Resumo
Objetivo: Perguntamos quais são as qualidades clinicamente relevantes das narrativas na psicoterapia e como elas podem ser medidas. Método: Com base nos pressupostos psicanalíticos e na teoria narrativa, propomos medir processos narrativos formais que permanecem próximos à superfície lingüística, porque escapam ao controle consciente. Resultados: Propomos que cinco aspectos das narrativas sejam especialmente sensíveis a distorções e, portanto, propensos a mudanças em terapias bem-sucedidas: 1) A narrativa cronológica, passo-a-passo, dos eventos, 2) a estruturação intencional dos eventos, ou diagramação, 3) a avaliação imediata, 4) a interpretação refletida dos acontecimentos, e finalmente, 5) a consistência e completude da narrativa. Para cada aspecto discutimos maneiras de medi-los. Finalmente, os aspectos são ilustrados com trechos de uma série de entrevistas de diagnóstico. Discussão: São sugeridas implicações para a análise do papel co-narrativo do terapeuta.
Abstract
Ziel: Wir fragen uns welche die klinisch relevanten Qualitäten von Narrativen in der Psychotherapie sind und wie sie gemessen werden können. Methode: Basierend auf psychoanalytischen Annahmen und narrativer Theorie schlagen wir vor, formale narrative Prozesse nahe der sprachlichen Oberfläche zu messen, da diese sich der bewussten Kontrolle entziehen. Ergebnisse: Wir gehen von fünf narrativen Aspekten aus, die für Verzerrungen besonders sensitiv und daher im Rahmen erfolgreicher Therapien zu Veränderungen neigen: (1) Die eigentliche, chronologische, schrittweise Narration der Ereignisse, (2) die absichtliche Strukturierung der Ereignisse oder narrative Modellierung (3) die unmittelbare Evaluation, (4) die reflektierte Interpretation der Ereignisse und letztlich (5) die Konsistenz und Vollständigkeit der Narrative. Für jeden Aspekt diskutieren wir, wie diese gemessen werden können. Schließlich werden die Aspekte anhand von Auszügen aus einer Reihe von diagnostischen Interviews veranschaulicht. Diskussion: Implikationen für die Analyse der co-narrativen Rolle des Therapeuten werden nahegelegt.
摘要
目標: 我們探究在心理治療中的敘事哪些特質具有臨床上的重要性？以及如何能夠測量這些特性？方法: 基於心理分析的假設和敘事理論的背景，我們建議測量最靠近表層語意的正式敘事歷程，因為這些可免於受到意識的控制。結果: 我們提出五種敘事向度，這些向度對扭曲特別敏感，因此在成功的治療中易於改變: （1）依實際年代順序，逐步敘說的事件，（2）有計畫性架構的事件或構圖，（3）立即性的評價，（4）事件的反思詮釋，以及最後（5）敘事的一致性和完整性。對於每個向度，我們討論測量他們的方法。最後透過一系列的診斷訪談的摘述來說明這些向度。討論: 建議加入治療師的共同敘事角色的分析。
Obiettivo: Abbiamo chiesto quali sono le qualità clinicamente rilevanti delle narrazioni in psicoterapia e come possono essere misurate. Metodo: Sullo sfondo delle ipotesi psicoanalitiche e della teoria narrativa, proponiamo di misurare i processi narrativi formali che rimangono vicini all'aspetto linguistico, perché questi fuggono al controllo cosciente. Risultati: proponiamo cinque aspetti delle narrazioni particolarmente sensibili alle distorsioni e quindi inclini al cambiamento nelle terapie di successo: (1) l'ordine cronologico attuale, narrazione graduale degli eventi, (2) la strutturazione intenzionale degli eventi, o emplotment, (3) la valutazione immediata, (4) l'interpretazione riflessiva degli eventi e, infine (5) la coerenza e la completezza della narrazione. Per ogni aspetto discuteremo i modi per misurarli. Infine saranno illustrati gli aspetti con estratti di una serie di interviste diagnostiche. Discussione: vengono suggerite le implicazioni per l'analisi del ruolo co-narrativo del terapeuta.
Notes
† This paper outlines a research program systematically defining five major aspects of narrative which may be distorted by psychopathology and remedied by psychotherapy. The paper also suggests ways to measure four of the five narrative aspects in psychotherapies. The special feature of the proposal is that concepts and measure are derived from socio- and psycholinguistic narratology. The proposal is compared to related established psychotherapy process measures. Finally we provide excerpts from a psychoanalytic first interview to illustrate the proposed narrative analysis.
1 Some of our manuals are translated into English and accessible under http://www.psychologie.uni-frankfurt.de/57321401/30_Coding-manuals. German manuals and some French and Portuguese translations may be obtained from the first author.