The “Black Hole” Night Visual Approach: Calculated Approach Paths Resulting From Flying a Constant Visual Vertical Angle to Level and Upslope Runways

Abstract

“Black hole” visual approaches have resulted in numerous off airport accidents. A tendency to fly a constant visual vertical angle to the runway lights might be one possible cause. Constant vertical angle (CVA) visual flight paths are calculated, showing the effects of starting altitude and distance, runway length, shape, and slope. Results are compared to published simulator studies. CVA flight tendency over level terrain cannot cause flight into the ground miles distant from the airport, except approaching an upsloping runway. Approach strategies for light aircraft to avoid this psychological phenomenon are indicated. A template for accident investigation use is illustrated.