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Notes
1 Healicon, The Politics of Sexual Violence.
2 Archard, “The Wrong of Rape,” 374.
3 See note 1 above.
4 Baber, “How Bad is Rape?,” 125–38.
5 Brownmiller, Against Our Will, 1975; Baron and Straus, “Four Theories of Rape,” 467–89.
6 Sanday, A Woman Scorned, 309.
7 Stone, “Sexual Difference,” 881.
8 Brownmiller, Against Our Will, 185.
9 Millet, Sexual Politics, 23.
10 See Boise, “Editorial: Is Masculinity Toxic?,” 2019.
11 Bloom, Rape, Rage and Feminism in Contemporary American Drama, 2.
12 Greer, On Rape, 1.
13 See Lambert, “Gang Rape,” 2004; Healicon, The Politics of Sexual Violence, 2016.
14 Hammer, “A Psychoanalytic Hypothesis Concerning Sex Offenders,” 177–84; Primorac, “Radical Feminism on Rape,” 497–511; Akinwole and Omoera, “A Review of Literature,” 164–84.
15 Sexual conquest or dominance achieved by overpowering women in order to (re)assert male authority. See Walters and Tumath, “Gender ‘Hostility’, Rape, and the Hate Crime Paradigm,” 563–96.
16 A condition in which “‘anger, rage, contempt, and hatred” […] is expressed by the offender beating his victim and/or forcing her to submit to degrading sexual acts’. See ibid, 573.
17 Yourell and McCabe, “The Motivations Underlying Male Rape of Women,” 215–24; Tedeschi and Felson, Violence, Aggression, and Coercive Actions, 1994.
18 Primorac, “Radical Feminism on Rape,” 497.
19 Sjöholm, Gender-Sensitive Norm Interpretation by Regional Human Rights Law Systems, 337. The quote is credited to the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACmHPR).
20 Masochism as defined by Paula Kaplan has dual meanings: sexual pleasure derived from the suffering and pain of a sexual partner, and two, ‘gratification gained from pain, deprivation […] inflicted or imposed on oneself, either as a result of one’s own actions or the actions of others’. See Caplan, The Myth of Women’s Masochism, 1993.
21 Langston, “No Penetration – And It’s Still Rape,” 27.
22 Cameron, On Language and Sexual Politics, 153.
23 See note 18 above, 501.
24 Ibid., 501.
25 Ibid.
26 Cudworth, “Gender, Nature and Dominance,” 1998; Vukoičić, “Radical Feminism as a Discourse in the Theory of Conflict,” 2013.
27 See Vukoičić, “Radical Feminism,” 43–49.
28 Ibid., 36.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Cudworth, “Gender, Nature and Dominance,” 1998.
32 See Muoghalu, “Rape and Women’s Sexual Health in Nigeria,” 33–41; Eze, “Prevention of Sexual Assault in Nigeria,” 65–70; Oludayo and Udechukwu, “Characterizing Rapists and Their Victims in Select Nigeria Newspapers,” 1–20.
33 Akinade et al., “Socio-Legal Factors that Influence the Perpetuation of Rape in Nigeria,” 1760–64.
34 Ibid.
35 Oludayo and Udechukwu, “Characterizing Rapists and Their Victims in Select Nigeria Newspapers,” 10.
36 I understand this piece has been retracted. However, I find some of the thoughts in it useful in expounding my hypothesis on penis primacy.
37 Lindsay and Boyle, “The Conceptual Penis as a Social Construct,” 1.
38 Ibid.
39 See note 22 above, 153, 160.
40 Ibid., 153.
41 Park and Shin, “Artificial Oil Injection,” 111–24; Javaid, “‘The Penis is a Weapon of Power,” 23–40.
42 Kim, “History and Cultural Perspective,” 21.
43 Youn, “Psychosocial Perspectives on Penile Size,” 41.
44 Ibid.
45 Directed by Augustine Iloh and released in 2019.
46 Directed by Wole Ogundare and released in 2020.
47 By Falz and released in 2017.
48 By Nazb and released in 2014.
49 Lincoln and Guba, “Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences”; Shank, Qualitative Research. A Personal Skills Approach.
50 Cresswell, Qualitative Inquiry & and Research Design, 41.
51 Smith and Osborn, “Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis,” 55.
52 Ibid., 41.
53 Ibid., 53.
54 Smith et al., Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, 1.
55 Ibid., 1, 3.
56 Alase, “The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA),” 18.
57 Tuffour, “A Critical Overview of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis,” par. 1.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid., par. 1.
60 See note 54 above, 34.
61 Ibid., 35.
62 Lewis, Essential Cinema, 12.
63 Alola and Alola, “Gender Stereotypes in Nigerian Films as a Portrayal of the African Womanhood,” 222, 225.
64 Bordwell et al., Film Art, 2.
65 Nascimento, “Art, Cinema and Society,” 19.
66 Mahmood, “Influence and Importance of Cinema on the Lifestyle of Educated Youth,” 77.
67 Levinson, “Emotion in Response to Art,” 20–34.
68 Boise, “Editorial,” 147–51; Pappas, “Apa Issues First-Ever Guidelines for Practice with Men and Boys,” 34.
69 Boise, “Editorial,” 147–51.
70 Ibid.
71 Kupers, “Toxic Masculinity as a Barrier to Mental Health Treatment in Prison,” 713.
72 Ibid., 714.
73 Becker, “Patriarchy and Inequality,” 28.
74 Ibid.
75 Ibid.
76 See note 12 above, 19.
77 Published in 2018.
78 Ibid.
79 Quoted in Brooks, “Greer’s ‘Bad Sex’ and the Future of Consent,” 903.
80 See note 31 above, 83. This quote is credited to Andrea Dworkin’s Pornography.
81 See note 31 above.
82 See note 42 above, 11.
83 See note 31 above.
84 See note 73 above, 28.
85 Ibid. This is a quote from Johnson, The Gender Knot, 1997.
86 See note 31 above.
87 Rozee, “Fear of Rape,” 458–60. Cited in Germaine Greer’s On Rape.
88 Brooks, “Greer’s ‘Bad Sex’ and the Future of Consent,” 905.
89 See note 73 above, 21–88.
90 “Women” is used loosely in this study not as a synonymy for mature, grown-up female persons alone, but in reference to all female persons, irrespective of age, status, and other social demographics. This construction helps to reduce redundancy of having to state the age of raped female victims. Even though this is an important marker, it is outside the purview of the present study.
91 See “RAPE: Some Cases are for Rituals – IGP Adamu,” June 15, 2020, www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/rape-some-cases-are-for-rituals-igp-adamu/
93 Ibid.
94 Ibid.
95 Ibid. The 2020 NOIPoll is on the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of Nigerians with the year and their country in the areas of economy, security, unemployment rate, and educational system; hence the use of 2019 poll in this article since it was conducted on high rape incidents in the country.
100 See note 33 above, 1760–64; Akinwole and Omoera, “A Review of Literature,” 164–84.
101 Alamu, “Narrative and Style in Nigerian (Nollywood) Films,” 163–71; Bature-Uzor, “Rituals in Nollywood Films,” 227–42.
102 Yadav, “Cinema serving as Mirror to Society,” 141–50.
103 Endong, “Pornography and Objectification of Women in Nollywood Films”.
104 Released in 1996.
105 Released in 2004.
106 Released in 2007.
107 Released in 2011.
108 Released in 2014.
109 Released in 2015.
110 See Dawgert, Substance Use and Sexual Violence, 2009.
111 Published in 1962.
112 Burgess, The Wanting Seed, 83.
113 Moder, “Women, Personhood, and the Male God,” 85.
114 Ibid., 86.