Stratification and Partial Ascertainment of Biomarker Value in Biomarker-Driven Clinical Trials

Abstract

This article examines the role of stratification of treatment assignment with regard to biomarker value in clinical trials that accept biomarker-positive and -negative patients but have a primary objective of evaluating treatment effect separately for the marker-positive subset. It also examines the issue of incomplete ascertainment of biomarker value and how this affects inference about treatment effect for the biomarker-positive subset of patients. I find that stratifying the randomization for the biomarker ensures that all patients will have tissue collected but is not necessary for the validity of inference for the biomarker-positive subset if there is complete ascertainment. If there is not complete ascertainment of biomarker values, it is important to establish that ascertainment is independent of treatment assignment. Having a large proportion of cases with biomarker ascertainment is not necessary for establishing internal validity of the treatment evaluation in biomarker-positive patients; independence of ascertainment and treatment is the important factor. Having a large proportion of cases with biomarker ascertainment makes it more likely that biomarker-positive patients with ascertainment are representative of the biomarker-positive patients in the clinical trial (with and without ascertainment), but since the patients in the clinical trial are a convenience sample of the population of patients potentially eligible for the trial, requiring a large proportion of cases with ascertainment does not facilitate generalizability of conclusions.

• Ascertainment
• Biomarker
• Clinical trials
• Stratification

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank the referees for useful comments that contributed to the final version of the article.