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Abstract
The inverse natural convection problem (INCP) in a porous medium is a highly nonlinear problem because of the nonlinear convection and Forchheimer terms. The INCP can be converted into the minimization of a least-squares discrepancy between the observed and the modelled data. It has been solved using different classical optimization strategies that require a monotone descent of the objective function for recovering the unknown profile of the time-varying heat source function. In this investigation, we use this partial differential equation (PDE)-constrained optimization problem as a demanding test bed to compare the performance of several state-of-the-art variants of the conjugate gradients approach. We propose solving the INCP, using the scaled nonlinear conjugate gradient method: a low-cost and low-storage optimization technique. The method presented here uses the gradient direction with a particular spectral step length and the quasi-Newton Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno updating formula without any matrix evaluations. Two adaptive line search approaches are numerically studied in which there is no need for solving the sensitivity problem to obtain the step length directly, and are compared with an exact line search approach. We combine the proposed optimization scheme for INCP with a consistent-splitting scheme for solving systems of momentum, continuity and energy equations and a mixed finite-element method. We show a number of computational tests that demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than the classical gradient method by improving the number of iterations required and reducing the computational time. We also discuss some practical issues related to the implementation of the different methods.