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ABSTRACT
Coal associated with site 31CR314, Queen Anne’s Revenge/La Concorde (1718) was investigated to identify a possible source. The coal ranges from low volatile bituminous, through anthracite, to meta-anthracite. Although the eastern US anthracite sources were not known at that time, several sources, including coalfields in Ireland and Portugal, match some of the coal ranks from the shipwreck. The wreck lies near Beaufort, North Carolina, where a coaling station was built by the United States Navy during the American Civil War. Pennsylvania anthracite was an important resource by the 1860s, making it a logical source of the coal from site 31CR314.
RESUMEN
El carbón asociado al sitio 31CR314, Queen Anne’s Revenge/La Concorde (1718) fue investigado para encontrar su posible fuente. El carbón se ubica en un rango entre baja volatilidad bituminosa, antracita y meta-antracita. Aunque las fuentes de antracita del este de EE.UU. no se conocían en aquel entonces, múltiples fuentes, incluidos los campos de carbón en Irlanda y Portugal, coinciden con algunos rangos del carbón hallado en el naufragio. El pecio descansa cerca de Beaufort, Carolina del Norte, en dónde la US Navy (Marina naval estadounidense) construyó una estación de carbón durante la Guerra Civil (Norte)americana. La antracita de Pennsylvania fue un recurso importante hacia 1860, lo que hace de ésta una fuente lógica para el carbón del sitio 31CR314.
摘要
遗址 31CR314 即 “安妮女王复仇号 ” / “ 协和号” (1718) 出水煤炭的调查是为确认其可能的来源地。这些煤炭包括低挥发性烟煤、无烟煤和高阶无烟煤。尽管当时在美国东部无已知的无烟煤矿源, 但其他几个产地包括爱尔兰和葡萄牙的煤田与沉船上的一些煤炭等级相匹配。该沉船位于北卡罗莱纳州博福特附近, 在美国内战期间, 美国海军在此处建有一装煤站。宾夕法尼亚的无烟煤在十九世纪六十年代是非常重要的资源, 这使其成为31CR314遗址中煤炭的一处合理来源。
摘要
遺址31CR314即“安妮女王複仇號”/“協和號”(1718)出水煤炭的調查是爲確認其可能的來源地。這些煤炭包括低揮發性煙煤、無煙煤和高階無煙煤。盡管當時在美國東部無已知的無煙煤礦源, 但其他幾個産地包括愛爾蘭和葡萄牙的煤田與沈船上的一些煤炭等級相匹配。該沈船位于北卡羅萊納州博福特附近, 在美國內戰期間, 美國海軍在此處建有一裝煤站。賓夕法尼亞的無煙煤在十九世紀六十年代是非常重要的資源, 這使其成爲31CR314遺址中煤炭的一處合理來源。
المُستخلص
Acknowledgements
Analysis of spatial data would not have been possible without the Office of State Archaeology’s GIS Specialist Sam Franklin and QAR Lab Manager Elise Carroll, who contributed many hours in processing site data to produce an artefact distribution map to support this research. The QAR conservation team, both past and present, continue to demonstrate the utmost care and precision in documenting and conserving the collection.
Author Contributions
Study design: All authors. Fieldwork: Kimberly Kenyon. Petrological and chemical analysis: James Hower, Trent Garrison, and Rod Hatt. Data interpretation: All authors. Manuscript writing: Kimberly Kenyon and James Hower. Comments on the manuscript: All authors.
Permission Statement
Excavation and research into the material culture were carried out under the auspices of the Underwater Archaeology Branch of the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology within the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. Data and material from shipwreck 31CR314 reside in the custody of the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. The first author is employed by this agency and serves as a custodian of the data with the collection under her direct care.
Disclosure Statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 Artefacts of the same type from the same context are grouped together under one artefact number, called a QAR number. There are over 11,000 assigned QAR numbers representing the total artefact count. For the purposes of this paper, the total count is used.
2 Such arrangements continued into more recent times. Pennsylvania Congressman Daniel Flood introduced measures requiring US Army bases in Germany to use Pennsylvania anthracite and prohibiting their use of fuel oil (Miller & Sharpless, Citation1985, p. 327).