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Articles

‘He Went Down to Joppa and Found a Ship Going to Tarshish’ (Jonah 1:3): Landscape Reconstruction at Jaffa and a Potential Early Harbour

‘El bajó a Joppa y encontró una embarcación que iba a Tarshish’ (Jonás 1:3): Reconstrucción del paisaje de Jaffa y de un potencial puerto temprano

‘他下到约帕,遇见一艘船要往他施去’(约拿书 1:3):雅法的景观重建及一个潜在性早期港口

「他下到約帕,遇見一艘船要往他施去」(約拿書 1:3):雅法的景觀重建及一個潛在性早期港口

'لقد نزَل إلى یافا ووَجَد سَفینة ذاَھبة إلى ترشیش' (یونان ۱:۳ ): إعَادة بنِاء المِساحات الطَبیعیة في یافا والمیناء المُحتمل الذي قد یعود إلي عَصْراً مُبكر اً

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Pages 267-303 | Published online: 16 Jan 2023
 

ABSTRACT

Recent excavations of Tel Yafo (Jaffa), Israel, underscore its role as an historically important Mediterranean port. In 2014, the Ioppa Maritima Project conducted a geological investigation determining that from ca. 5000–2000 years BP, a small estuarine system existed east and north of Tel Yafo that could have served as a harbour. The marine re-entrant formed through sea-level rise and flooding of a small valley, and the stream mouth was probably also partially blocked by coastal sands. Sediment aggradation, wetland development, and anthropogenic activity largely filled the embayment leaving only a depression east of Tel Yafo in the area of Bloomfield Stadium and Groningen Park.

Recientes excavaciones en Tel Yafo (Jaffa), Israel, remarcaron su papel como un importante puerto histórico en el Mediterráneo. En 2014, el Proyecto Ioppa Marítima llevó a cabo investigaciones geológicas que llevaron a determinar que desde ca.5000-2000 AP, existía un pequeño sistema estuarino al este y al norte de Tel Yafo que podría haber servido como puerto. La entrada marina formada por el incremento en el nivel del mar y la inundación de un pequeño valle, y la boca de corriente probablemente estuvieron parcialmente bloqueadas por arenas costeras. La acumulación de sedimento, el desarrollo del pantano y la actividad antrópica llenaron la bahía y dejaron únicamente una depresión al este de Tel Yafo in el área del estadio de Bloomfield y el Parque Groningen.

摘要

最近对以色列特尔雅法(雅法)的发掘揭示了其在历史上作为一处重要的地中海港口的意义。 2014 年, Ioppa 海洋研究计划(Ioppa Maritima Project)进行的一项地质调查确定了从特尔雅法东部和北部在距今 5000-2000 年存在一个小型河口系统,可用作为港口。由于海平面上升以及小型低谷的洪水而形成了海洋折返,并且河口也可能因为岸边沙子而受到部分阻隔。沉积物堆积、湿地开发和人为活动在很大程度上填满了海湾,只在特尔雅法以东的布卢姆菲尔德体育场和格罗宁根公园地区留下了一个洼地。

摘要

近期對以色列特爾雅法(雅法)的發掘揭示了其在歷史上作為一處重要的地中海港口的意義。 2014 年,Ioppa 海洋研究計劃(Ioppa Maritima Project )進行的一項地質調查確定了從特爾雅法東部和北部在距今 5000-2000 年存在一個小型河口系統,可用作為港口。由於海平面上升以及小型低谷的洪水而形成了海洋折返,並且河口也可能因為岸邊沙子而受到部分阻隔。沈積物堆積、濕地開發和人為活動在很大程度上填滿了海灣,只在特爾雅法以東的布盧姆菲爾德體育場和格羅寧根公園地區留下了一個窪地。

المُستخلص

تؤكد أعمال التنقیب التي أجُریت مؤخراً في تل یافا (إسرائیل) على دَورھا كمَ رْسًى ذو أھمیة تاریخیة في البحر الأبیض المُتوسط. ٥۰۰۰ عاما - وفي عام ۲۰۱٤ قاَم مَشروع إیوبا ماریتیما بإجراء تحقیقا جیولوجیا والذي حَددَ بأنھ منذ ۲۰۰۰ (قبل الحاضر) كان یوجد نظِاما صَغیرا لمَصَبات الأنھار في شرق وشمال تل یافا والذي كان من المُمكن أن یكون بمِثابة مِیناء. ولقد تم تشكیل واد صغیرا بفِعل التیار البحري الوافد من خلال ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر والفیضانات، ومن المُحتمل أیضًا أن یكون مَجرى التیار كان مَسدودا بشكلا جزئیا بسبب الرمال الساحلیة. وأدى تراكم الرَواسب وتطویر الأراضي الرطبة والنشاط البشري إلى ملئ الخلیج إلى حداً كبیراً، تاركاً مُنخفض شرق تل یافا في منطقة مُدرج الألعاب الریاضیة بلومفیلد وحَدیقة جرونینجن فقط.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the MacDonald Center for the Arts & Humanities and Charlie Steinmetz for their generous support of the Ioppa Maritima Project without which this expedition would not have been possible. We are also gratefully to Glen MacDonald and the University of California, Los Angeles’ Institute of the Environment and Sustainability for support of the project’s radiocarbon and preliminary pollen analyses. We thank Norwich University for its support in sediment processing and assistance with R.K. Dunn’s travel. We received many insightful and constructive comments from C. Morhange and two other anonymous reviewers to whom we remain deeply indebted. We also express our gratitude to the following persons who assisted during the preparation of this paper: T. Andrews, D.T. Ariel, J. Chen, D. Davis, K. Kowalski, D. Mirkin, M. El Najmi, B. Goldberg, M. Hagseth and C. Pulak.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Authors’ Contributions

All authors contributed significantly to this manuscript. SW and AB conceived of the study and sought funding. AB also provided contextual background and logistical support. SW wrote the historical section and edited the manuscript with input from the other authors. RD and SAK designed and executed the field work methodology and laboratory analyses. RD prepared and SAK prepared and and App. 2: 1. RD and SAK collaborated on and .

Permission Statement

The field work was carried out under the auspices of the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology. Prior to coring in Goningen Park, all necessary permissions were acquired from the Jaffa Municipality. Radiocarbon dating and preliminary pollen analysis was carried out under Glen MacDonald in the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability of the University of California, Los Angeles.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by MacDonald Center for the Arts & Humanities: [Grant Number N/A].

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