Civil War and Rebellion

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Notes

1. Stathis Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil Wars (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

2. Paul Staniland, Perspectives on Politics 10(2) (2012), pp. 243–264.

3. Charles King, “The Micropolitics of Social Violence,” World Politics 56 (2004), pp. 431–455.

4. Stathis Kalyvas, “The Ontology of ‘Political Violence’: Action and Identity in Civil Wars,” Perspectives on Politics 1(3) (2003), pp. 475–494.

5. Stephen R. David, “Internal War: Causes and Cures,” World Politics, 49(4) (1997), pp. 552–576; Rogers Brubaker and David D. Laitin, “Ethnic and Nationalist Violence,” Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998), pp. 423–452; Donald Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press 1985).

6. James Fearon and David Laitin, “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil Wars,” American Political Science Review 97(1) (2003), pp. 75–90; Bruce Gilley, “Against the Concept of Ethnic Conflict,” Third World Quarterly 25(6) (2004), pp. 1155–1166; John Mueller, “The Banality of ‘Ethnic War,’” International Security 25(1) (2000), pp. 42–70.

7. Roger Peterson, Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

8. Stathis Kalyvas, “Civil Wars,” in Carles Boix and Susan Stokes, eds., Handbook of Political Science (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 418–422.

9. Christopher Blattman and Edward Miguel, “Civil War,” Journal of Economic Literature 48(1) (2012), pp. 3–57; Nicholas Sambanis, “What is a Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6) (2004), pp. 814–858.

10. Stathis Kalyvas, “'New’ and ‘Old’ Civil Wars: A Valid Distinction?” World Politics 54(1) (2001), pp. 99–118.

11. Mats Berdal and David M. Malone, Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000); Paul Collier, “Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and Their Implications for Policy,” World Bank (June 2006); Cynthia J. Arson and I. William Zartman, Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection of Need, Creed, and Greed (Washington, DC; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).

12. Mary Kaldor, New & Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001); Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed Books, 2001).

13. Barry Posen, “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” Survival 35(1) (1993), pp. 27–47; Barbara Walter and Jack Snyder, eds., Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).

14. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Macartan Humphreys and Jeremy Weinstein, “Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War,” American Political Science Review 52(2) (2008), pp. 436–455; Scott Gates, “Recruitment and Allegiance: The Microfoundations of Rebellion,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(1) (2002), pp. 111–130; Joycelin Viterna, “Pulled, Pushed, and Persuaded: Explaining Women's Mobilization into the Salvadoran Guerrilla Army,” American Journal of Sociology 112(1) (2006), pp. 1–45.

15. Stathis Kalyvas, “Promises and Pitfalls of an Emerging Research Program: The Microdynamics of Civil War,” in Stathis Kalyvas, Ian Shapiro, and Tarek Masoud, eds., Order, Conflict, Violence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 1–14.

16. See the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). Available at http://www.pcr.uu.se/data/overview_ucdp_data/ (accessed 1 June 2017).

17. Romain Malejacq and Dipali Mukhopadhyay, “The ‘Tribal Politics' of Field Research: A Refection on Power and Partiality in 21st-Century Warzones,” Perspectives on Politics 14(4) (2016), pp. 1011–1028.

18. Jeremy Weinstein, Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence (New York: Cambridge University Press 2007).

19. Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil Wars, pp. 146–209; Jean‐Paul Azam, “On Thugs and Heroes: Why Warlords Victimize their Own Civilians,” Economics of Governance 7(1) (2007), pp. 53–73; Macartan Humphreys and Jeremy Weinstein, “Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War,” American Political Science Review 100 (3) (2006), pp. 429–447.

20. Ana Arjona, “Wartime Institutions: A Research Agenda,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 58(8) (2014), pp. 1360–1389; Zachariah Cherian Mampilly, Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011); Nelson Kasfir, “Guerrillas and Civilian Participation: The National Resistance Army in Uganda, 1981–1986,” Journal of Modern African Studies 43(2) (2005), pp. 271–296.

21. Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies-Conflict Research Group (AEGIS-CRG) on violent conflict in Africa Thematic Workshop, “Rebels, Security and Public Authority: A critical deconstruction of the ‘Rebel Governance’ concept,” University of Ghent, 16 December, 2015.

22. Timothy Earle, How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997).

23. Scott Straus, The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).

24. Barbara Walter, “The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement,” International Organization 51(3) (1997), pp. 335–364; Stephen John Stedman, “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes,” International Security 22(2) (1997), pp. 5–53.

25. For a humorous take on some of the themes raised in Peaceland, see the satirical website available at www.stuffexpataidworkerslike.com (accessed 1 June 2017).

26. Staniland, “States, Insurgents, and Wartime Orders,” p. 248.

27. Alex de Waal, “The Political Marketplace: Analyzing Political Entrepreneurs and Political Bargaining with a Business Lens,” 17 October 2014. https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2014/10/17/the-political-marketplace-analyzing-political-entrepreneurs-and-political-bargaining-with-a-business-lens/ ( accessed 1 June 2017).

28. Robert Mandel, “Defining Postwar Victory,” in Jan Angstrom and Isabelle Duyvesteyn, eds., Understanding Victory and Defeat in Contemporary War (London: Routledge, 2007), pp. 13–18.

29. T. David Mason, Joseph P. Weingarten, Jr., and Patrick J. Fett, “Win, Lose or Draw: Predicting the Outcome of Civil Wars,” Political Research Quarterly 52(2) (1999), pp. 239–268.

30. Laura Freeman, “The African Warlord Revisited,” Small Wars & Insurgencies 26(5) (2015), pp. 790–810.

31. Kenneth John Menkaus, “Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping,” International Security 31(3) (2006/07), pp. 74–106.

32. Staniland, “States, Insurgents, and Wartime Orders.”

33. Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University, 1988).

34. Edward Gibson, Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).

35. Catherine Boone, Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).

36. Christopher Day and William Reno, “In Harm's Way: African Counterinsurgency and Patronage Politics,” with William Reno, Civil Wars 16(2) (2014), pp. 125–146.

37. Wendy Pearlman and Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham, “Nonstate Actors, Fragmentation, and Conflict Processes,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56(1) (2012); Kristin M. Bakke, Kathleen Gallagher Cunningham, and Lee J. M. Seymour, “A Plague of Initials: Fragmentation, Cohesion, and Infighting in Civil Wars,” Perspectives on Politics 10(2) (2012), pp. 265–283; Michael Woldemariam, “Battlefield Outcomes and Rebel Cohesion: Lessons from the Eritrean War of Independence,” Terrorism and Political Violence 28 (2014), pp. 135–156.

38. Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy, The Dynamics of Social Movements: Resource Mobilization, Social Control, and Tactics (Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers, 1979); Jeffery M. Paige, Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World (New York: The Free Press, 1975); Jeff Goodwin and Theda Skocpol, “Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World,” Politics and Society 17(4) (1989), pp. 489–509.

39. Christopher Day, “The Fates of Rebels: Insurgencies in Uganda,” Comparative Politics 43(4) (2011), pp. 439–458

40. Mao Tse-Tsung, Mao Tse-Tung On Guerrilla Warfare, translated and with an introduction by Samuel B. Griffith (New York: Praeger, 1961); Ernesto Guevara, Guerrilla Warfare, Third Edition with revised and updated introduction and case studies by Brian Loveman and Thomas M. Davies, Jr. (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 1997).

41. David Kilcullen, The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).

42. In 2015 there were an estimated 16,121,427 refugees and 37,494,172 internally displaced persons worldwide. Available at http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview (accessed 27 March 2017).

43. Kimberly A. Maynard, Healing Communities in Conflict: International Assistance in Complex Emergencies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), pp. 107–122.

44. Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth M. Cousens, eds., Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002).

45. Beatrice Pouligny, Peace Operations Seen from Below: UN Missions and Local People (London: Kumarian Press, 2006).

46. Michael Maren, The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid and International Charity (New York: The Free Press, 1997), p. 12.

47. Alex De Waal, Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), pp. 3–4.

48. Maren, The Road to Hell; Linda Polman, Crisis Caravan (New York: Picador, 2011).

49. Sarah Kenyon Lischer, “Collateral Damage: Humanitarian Assistance as a Cause of Conflict,” International Security 28(1) (2003), pp. 79–109; Alan J. Kuperman, “The Moral Hazard of Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from the Balkans,” International Studies Quarterly 52(1) (2008), pp. 49–80.

50. Adam Branch and Zachariah Cherian Mampilly, “Winning the War, but Losing the Peace? The Dilemma of SPLM/A Civil Administration and the Tasks Ahead,” Journal of Modern African Studies 43(1) (2005), pp. 1–20.

51. “Sharing Violence: Deconstructing Symbioses between States and Non-State Armed Actors,” Roundtable at the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, August 2014.

52. “Confronting Fragmentation: Impact of Syrian Crisis Report,” Syria Center for Policy Research (February 2016). Available at http://scpr-syria.org/publications/policy-reports/confronting-fragmentation/ (accessed 27 March 2017).

53. Internal displacement figures for Syria are available at http://www.internal-displacement.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/syria/figures-analysis (accessed 27 March 2017).

54. Refugee figures for Syria are available at http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php (accessed 27 March 2017).