Few Islands Approximation of Hamiltonian System with divided Phase Space

Abstract

It is well known that typical Hamiltonian systems have divided phase space consisting of regions with regular dynamics on KAM tori and region(s) with chaotic dynamics called chaotic sea(s). This complex structure makes rigorous analysis of such systems virtually impossible and significantly complicates numerical exploration of their dynamical properties. Hamiltonian systems with sharply divided phase space between regions of regular and chaotic dynamics are much easier to analyze, but there are only few cases or families of such systems known to date. In this article, we outline a new approach for a systematic construction, starting from a generic KAM Hamiltonian system, of a system with a sharply divided phase space with an arbitrary number of regular islands which are in one-to-one correspondence with islands of the initial KAM system. In this procedure a typical Hamiltonian system, for example a KAM billiard, is replaced by a sequence of Hamiltonian systems having an increasing (but finite) number of islands of regular motion. The islands in the substituting systems are sub-islands of the KAM islands in the initial system. We apply this idea to two-dimensional lemon-shaped billiards, where the substituting systems are obtained by replacing parts of the curved boundaries by chords, so that in the limit of infinite number of islands the boundary of the substituting system becomes arbitrary close to the original billiard’s boundary.

Keywords:

• Hamiltonian chaos
• mixed phase space
• KAM theorem

Funding

The work has been supported by the grants P1-0044, N1-0025 of Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS), Advanced grant of European Research Council (ERC), No. 694544 - OMNES and NSF grant DMS-1600568.