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Acknowledgements
Support for this project has been generously provided by the Millicent Macintosh Fellowship, the Michael and Carol Levine Foundation, and Reed College.
Notes
1. ARC, Libros de Cabildo, Legs. 18 and 19; AGI Lima, Leg. 91, 21 August 1698.
2. For institutional histories of Spanish rule, see especially Phelan 1967; Schäfer Citation1975; Parry 1953; Borah Citation1983.
3. Under Charles II the Council of Indies proposed removing all Spaniards from Indian pueblos; abolishing unregistered obrajes; and restructuring the Potosí mita (AGI Lima, Legs. 76–91; Cole Citation1985, 97–136). Only a modest mita reform was implemented. For the weakness of royal government, see Andrien 1985.
4. See Scott Citation2009 for cartography and the primacy of the written text in the articulation of landscape and space in Habsburg Peru; for the relaciones geográficas of Philip II and their maps, see Cline 1994; Mundy 1996.
5. Padrón 2004, 47–48; AGI Lima, Leg. 19 [1687 petition by Juan de Velasco]; Leg. 87, No. 29; Lima 633 [1674 sale of corregimiento of Paucartambo]; Lima 638: 801.
6. Concolorcorvo 1965. Although in its discussion the Lazarillo reflected the interests and opinions of Bourbon, and early enlightenment, Peru rather than Habsburg, the land routes and distances in the Andes remained basically the same in 1770 as they had been a century before—unlike the maritime links between Spain and Lima and Buenos Aires, which had changed considerably. See Parry 1966, 306–26.
7. ARC Cabildo, C. Ordinarias, Leg. 13, Exp. 381.
8. The bishopric of Cusco comprised the corregimientos of Cusco Cercado, Abancay, Calca y Lares, Vilcabamba, Paucartambo, the Marquesado of Oropesa, Quispecanchis, Chilques y Masques, Canas y Canchis, Cotabambas, Chumbivilcas, Aymaraes, Lampa (or Cavana), Azángaro y Asillo, and Caravaya; the Caja Real's jurisdiction also included Andaguaylas la Grande and Condesuyos.
9. AGI Lima, Leg. 84 for Palata's letter calling for the ministro togado; and ARC Libros de Cabildo, Leg. 19: 20.
10. More than five hundred haciendas and all the obrajes (Villanueva Urteaga 1982, passim).
11. ARC Cabildo, C. Ordinarias, Leg. 12, 342, for the Cusco-Chuquisaca ties of the Equivel Navia Salas y Valdés. For family alliances in seventeenth-century La Paz, see López Beltrán 1998. AGI Lima, Leg. 531; Leg. 13; Leg. 306: 857–60.
12. ARC Libros de Cabildo 18: 142–44; AGI Lima, Leg. 342 for the relation between Lima, Cusco, and Arequipa in the bishop's battles with the Cathedral cabildo.
13. Guibovich Pérez 2008. For corregidor Pedro Balvín, AGI Contratación 544 N. 147; for Luís César Scasuola, AGI Lima 19, 14-8-1686.
14. AGI Lima, Leg. 19, No. 30 for the 1687 confirmation of the corregidor of Andaguaylas, including orders that the Virrey ‘… no envie visitadores sino es arreglándose a lo dispuesto y a los plazos establecidos ….’
15. AGI Lima, Leg. 306: 490–535 for missions to the ‘indios infieles’ east of the city; see Villanueva Urteaga 2002, 260–62 for ‘chuncho’ attacks on plantations and villages.
16. AGI Lima, Legs. 81 through 88, passim for Pacific piracy in the 1680s.
17. AGI Lima, Leg. 638, for Palata's complaints about scandalous levels of autonomy in Quito and Guamanga.
18. AGI Lima, Legs. 18–20 for corregidor confirmations limiting Lima's authority.
19. Nor was Cusco the sole object of Palata's animus. He particularly complained about the ungovernable audiencias of Quito and Santiago (while praising the well-ordered courts of Chuquisaca). AGI Lima, Leg. 638, 250–312.
20. AGI Lima, 84, no. 36, which largely reproduces a similar letter from 1681 by Archbishop-Viceroy Melchor (AGI Lima, 81).
21. AGI Lima, Legs. 306 and 342 for correspondence with Mollinedo; Legs. 106 and 429 for correspondence with the ministers of the real caja.
22. ARC Libros de Cabildo, Legs. 18 and 19, passim.
23. See AGI Lima 88, for Palata's refusal of Quito's request to establish a cavalry troop, asserting that ‘… el formar una compania [haría] la declaración de que en Quito no se puede hazer justicia sino con la fuerza.’
24. AGI Lima, Legajo 104A. ARC Libros de Cabildo 19: 99–111.
25. AGI Lima, 84, no. 36, for Lima's requests in the early 1680s ‘sobre nombrar ministro togado para correxidor del Cuzco’; ARC Corregimiento, Leg 24, Exp. 488 for a rebuke of Balvín by the viceroy during a civil case.
26. ARC Libros de Cabildo, Leg. 19, for Lima's overruling of the corregidor's actions in the 1696 cabildo election.
27. For conflicts earlier in the seventeenth century, see Polo y la Borda Citation2007, 7–42.
28. AGI Lima, Leg. 82, no. 9 for San Sebastián; AGI Lima, Leg. 340 for the university. Also AGI Lima, Leg. 306, 285–87.
29. AGI Lima, Leg. 85, no. 9; AGI Lima, Leg. 638, paragraphs 75–169; AGI Lima, Leg. 576: 176–78.
30. AGI Lima, Leg. 306: 547; 607–8; 783–88; 834.
31. AGI Lima, Leg. 306: 384–88, 395–401, 717–29, 808–17, 892, 897–99.
32. Estimates of a corregidor's profit over five years ranged up to 50,000 pesos; AGI Lima, Leg. 176 (Doña María Fernández Coronel Coya). Corregimientos sold for between 1,500 pesos and 6,000 pesos; AGI, Lima, Legs. 18, 19, 633.
33. Witnesses spoke of ‘el recio de su naturaleza.’ ARC, Corregimiento, Leg. 27, Exp. 530.
34. AGI Lima, Leg. 306: 865; ARC, Libro de Cabildo 18, 108–27.
35. AGI Lima, Leg 175, 30 September 1692; 15 October 1692; 12 November 1692.
36. AGN, Superior Gobierno, Juicios de Residencia, Leg 137, Exp. 110 (1697).
37. For complaints about abuses of their fuero by Cruzada officials to pursue personal business ventures, see AGI Lima, Leg. 104A, for two complaints from the 1680s by the Lima audiencia ‘sobre los excesos que cometen los comisarios subdelegados de cruzada’; and AGI Lima, Leg. 84, No. 36, for the viceroy's complaints about the Cruzada of Cusco (24 January 1685).