Russia's Emperors and Russian America(for the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Romanov Dynasty)

Abstract

The lack of a coherent plan for colonization and the need to respond to other geopolitical demands led to the eventual imperial decision to give up its colonies in North America.

Notes

1. Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii [PSZRI], vol. 5, no. 3.266, p. 607.

2. Russkie ekspeditsii po izucheniiu severnoi chasti Tikhogo okeana v pervoi polovine XVIII v. Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow, 1984), pp. 30–33, 45. See also N.N. Bolkhovitinov, ed., Istoriia Russkoi Ameriki (1732–1867), 3 vols. (Moscow, 1997–99), vol. 1, pp. 49–50.

3. V.A. Efimov, Iz istorii velikikh russkikh geograficheskikh otkrytii (Moscow, 1971), p. 199.

4. PSZRI, vol. 7, no. 4.679, p. 435.

5. V.A. Divin, Russkie moreplavaniia na Tikhom okeane v XVIII veke (Moscow, 1971), pp. 60–62; E.G. Kushnarev, V poiskakh proliva (Leningrad, 1976), pp. 8–10; V.M. Pasetskii, Vitus Bering (1681–1741) (Moscow, 1982), p. 16; A.V. Postnikov, Russkaia Amerika v geograficheskikh opisaniiakh i na kartakh, 1741–1867 gg. (St. Petersburg, 2000), pp. 35–36.

6. B.P. Polevoi, “Iz istorii otkrytiia severo-zapadnoi chasti Ameriki,” in Ot Aliaska do Ognennoi Zemli. Istoriia i etnografiia stran Amerika (Moscow, 1967), pp. 111–19; Polevoi, “Osnovenie Russkoi Ameriki—ideia Petra Velikogo,” in Russkaia Amerika i Dal'nii Vostok (konets XVIII v.–1867 g.). K 200-letiiu obrazovaniia Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi kompanii. Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii (Vladivostok, 11–13 oktiabria 1999 g.) (Vladivostok, 2001), pp. 15–16; Raymond H. Fisher, Bering's Voyages: Whither and Why (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977).

7. N.N. Bolkhovitinov, Rossiia otkryvaet Ameriku, 1732–1799 (Moscow, 1991), p. 12.

8. V.A. Efimov, Iz istorii russkikh ekspeditsii na Tikhom okeane. Pervaia polovina XVIII veka (Moscow, 1948), pp. 18–24, 27–30; Polevoi, Iz istorii otkrytiia, p. 116; Divin, Russkie moreplavaniia, pp. 11–13; Raymond H. Fisher, “Russian Exploration in the North Pacific,” in Bering and Chirikov: The American Voyages and Their Impact, ed. O.W. Frost (Anchorage: Alaska Historical Society, 1992), pp. 149–50.

9. See A.A. Sopotsko, Istoriia plavaniia V. Beringa na bote “Sv. Gavriil” v Severnyi Ledovityi okean (Moscow, 1983).

10. “1730—Iz donosheniia V.I. Beringa Anna Ioannovne o deiatel'nosti Pervoi Kamchatskoi ekspeditsii,” in Russkaia Tikhookeanskaia epopeia, ed. V.A. Divin et al. (Khabarovsk, 1979), pp. 140–47.

11. “1733 g. ianvaria 26—Donoshenie Admiralteistv-kollegii Anne Ioannovna s pros'boi o prisvoenii V.I. Beringu zvaniia shautbenakht i uvelichenii emu zhalovan'ia,” Russkie ekspeditsii (1984), p. 133.

12. PSZRI, vol. 8, no. 6.023, p. 749.

13. “Vypiska iz postanovleniia Senata o prekrashchenii dal'neishikh morskikh ekspeditsii A.I. Chirikova i M.P. Shpanberga i o vozvrashchenii ikh v sibirskie goroda vpred’ do ukaza,” in Russkaia Tikhookeanskaia epopeia, p. 243.

14. A. Pokrovskii, ed., Ekspeditsiia Beringa. Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow, 1941), p. 366.

15. “Vedomost’ raskhodov na Vtoruiu Kamchatskuiu ekspeditsiiu,” in Russkaia Tikhookeanskaia epopeia, p. 242.

16. See, for example, “1750 g. fevralia ne ranee 1—Donoshenie kuptsov iakutskogo S. Novikova i velikoustiuzhskogo I. Bakhova Elizavete Petrovne ob otkrytii puti iz ust'ia reki Anadyr’ na Kamchatku v 1746–1749 gg. i poseshchenii Komandorskikh ostrovov,” in Russkie ekspeditsii po izucheniiu severnoi chasti Tikhogo okeana vo vtoroi polovine XVIII v. Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow, 1989), vol. 2, pp. 36–39.

17. Russkie ekspeditsii (1989), pp. 74–76.

18. “1762 g. sentiabria 12—Raport kazaka S.T. Ponomareva i peredovshchika S.G. Glotova v Bol'sheretskuiu kantseliariiu o plavanii v 1758–1762 gg. na bote ‘Sv. Iulian,’ otkrytii o-vov Umnak i Unalashka i privedeniie ikh zhitelei v rossiiskoe poddanstvo,” Russkie ekspeditsii (1989), pp. 60–65.

19. “1766—Podannoe Prokop'em Lisenkovym opisanie nakhodiashchimsia po akiianu-moriu ot Kamchatki ostrovam, i kakie na tekh ostrovakh liudi, zveri i ptitsy,” in Russkaia Tikhookeanskaia epopeia, p. 349. If the fantastic swords, mirrors, inkwells, and auburn hair are disregarded, this obviously refers to the Chugach, an Alutiiq people inhabiting the littorals and islands of Alaska's Prince William Sound.

20. “1764—Ukaz Ekateriny II Admiralteistv-kollegii ob organizatsii ekspeditsii dlia issledovaniia ostrovov v severnoi chasti Tikhogo okeana,” in Russkaia Tikhookeanskaia epopeia, p. 333.

21. Ibid., pp. 333–34.

22. “1764 g. sentiabria 21—Ukaz Ekateriny II Kabinetu o nagrazhdenii kuptsov I. Nikiforova, I. Snigireva, I. Burenina za otkrytie ostrovov v Tikhom okeane,” Russkie ekspeditsii (1989), p. 84.

23. This occurred during a commercial expedition led by Andreian Tolstykh on a vessel named the Sts. Andreian and Natal'ia from 1760 to 1764, accompanied by the Cossacks Petr Vasiutinskii and Maksim Lazarev, who were collecting iasak (pelts received from the local inhabitants as tribute to the Treasury). See also “1764 g. sentiabria 29—Raport seleginskogo kuptsa A. Tolstykh v Nizhnekamchatskuiu prikaznuiu izbu o plavanii v 1760–1764 na Aleutskie ostrova,” Russkie ekspeditsii (1989), pp. 85–96.

24. PSZRI, vol. 17, no. 12.589, p. 603.

25. In 1770, Osip Arsent'evich Kuznetsov, a baptized Aleut, was brought all the way to the capital, where Catherine awarded him a gold medal bearing her own likeness: V.A. Durov, “Osvoenie Severo-Vostoka Rossii i Russkoi Ameriki v nagradnykh medaliakh vtoroi poloviny XVIII v.,” in Rossiia + Amerika = 200 let. K iubileiu Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi kompanii (1799–1999) (Moscow, 1999), pp. 57–58.

26. PSZRI, vol. 17, no. 12.589, p. 604.

27. A.P. Sokolov, “Ekspeditsiia k Aleutskim ostrovam kapitanov Krenitsyna i Levashova, 1764–1769 gg.,” Zapiski Gidrograficheskogo departamenta Morskogo ministerstva (1852), vol. 10, pp. 70–103; Divin, Russkie moreplavaniia na Tikhom okeane, pp. 226–55; I.V. Glushankov, Sekretnaia ekspeditsiia (Magadan, 1972); Bolkhovitinov, Istoriia Russkoi Ameriki, vol. 1, pp. 197–223.

28. Glushankov, Sekretnaia ekspeditsiia, pp. 164–65, 172; M.S. Al'perovich, Rossiia i Novyi Svet (posledniaia chetvert’ XVIII veka) (Moscow, 1993), p. 24; Postnikov, Russkaia Amerika v geograficheskikh opisaniiakh, p. 90.

29. R.V. Makarova, Russkie na Tikhom okeane vo vtoroi polovine XVIII v. (Moscow, 1968), pp. 145–46; Bolkhovitinov, Istoriia Russkoi Ameriki, vol. 1, pp. 219–23.

30. Divin, Russkie moreplavaniia na Tikhom okeane, p. 255; A.I. Alekseev, Osvoenie russkimi liud'mi Dal'nego Vostoka i Russkoi Ameriki do kontsa XIX veka (Moscow, 1982), p. 101; Al'perovich, Rossiia i Novyi Svet, p. 25.

31. R.G. Liapunova, “Etnograficheskoe znachenie ekspeditsii kapitanov P.K. Krenitsyna i M.D. Levashova na Aleutskie ostrova,” Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1971, no. 6, pp. 67–80; A.I. Alekseev, Sud'ba Russkoi Ameriki (Magadan, 1975), p. 71.

32. G.I. Shelikhov, Rossiikogo kuptsa Grigoriia Shelikhova stranstvovaniia iz Okhotska po Vostochnomu okeanu k Amerikanskim beregam, ed. B.P. Polevoi (Khabarovsk, 1971).

33. See Dzh. Kuk [James Cook], Tret'e plavanie kapitana Dzheimsa Kuka. Plavanie v Tikhom Okeane v 1776–1780, trans., with introduction and commentary, Ia.M. Svet (Moscow, 1971).

34. Russkaia Tikhookeanskaia epopeia, pp. 363–67.

35. See PSZRI, vol. 22, no. 16.563, pp. 881–82; and A.P. Barsukov et al., eds., Pamiatniki novoi russkoi istorii. Sbornik istoricheskikh statei i materialov (St. Petersburg, 1873), vol. 3, pp. 373–35; Bolkhovitinov, Istoriia Russkoi Ameriki, vol. 1, pp. 113, 233, 235.

36. “1786 g. dekabria 22—Ukaz Ekateriny II Admiralteistv-kollegii ob otpravlenii na Tikhii okean eskadry dlia okhraneny rossiiskikh vladenii,” in Russkaia Tikhookeanskaia epopeia, p. 538; “1786 g. dekabria 22—Ukaz Ekateriny II Kollegii inostrannykh del o sokhranenii prava Rossii na zemli i ostrova, otkrytye russkimi moreplavateliami v Tikhom okeane,” Russkie ekspeditsii (1989), p. 232; “1786 g. dekabria 22—Ukaz Ekateriny II Admiralteistv-kollegii ob otpravke eskadry v Tikhii okean dlia okhrany rossiiskikh vladenii,” Russkie ekspeditsii (1989), pp. 232–33.

37. PSZRI, vol. 22, no. 16.530, pp. 836–38.

38. See G. [Johann Georg Adam] Forster, Puteshestvie vokrug sveta, trans. M.S. Kharitonov, afterword and commentary D.D. Tumarkin (Moscow, 1986).

39. Russkie ekspeditsii (1989), p. 360; Postnikov, Russkaia Amerika v geograficheskikh opisaniiakh, p. 225.

40. A.I. Andreev, ed., Russkie otkrytiia v Tikhom okeane i Severnoi Amerika v XVIII veke (Moscow, 1948), pp. 250–65.

41. Ibid., p. 265.

42. Ibid., pp. 265–69.

43. Ibid., pp. 275–76.

44. Ibid., pp. 269–80.

45. Ibid., pp. 281–82.

46. PSZRI, vol. 15, no. 11.489, pp. 962–64.

47. See A.S. Lappo-Danilevskii, Russkie promyshlennye i torgovye kompanii v pervoi poloviny XVIII stoletiia (St. Petersburg, 1899), pp. 106, 122.

48. Andreev, Russkie otkrytiia, p. 282.

49. PSZRI, vol. 22, no. 16.709, pp. 1105–7.

50. Bolkhovitnikov, Rossiia otkryvaet Ameriku, pp. 184–86.

51. PSZRI, vol. 22, no. 16.709, pp. 1105–7.

52. Bolkhovitinov, Rossiia otkryvaet Ameriku, p. 186.

53. “Pamiatnye zapiski A.V. Khrapovitskogo, stats-sekretaria imperatritsy Ekateriny Vtoroi,” Chteniia v imperatorskom obshchestve istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh pri Moskovskom universitete (1862), bk. 3, sect. 2, p. 178.

54. Bolkhovitinov, Istoriia Russkoi Ameriki, vol. 1, pp. 139–40.

55. PSZRI, vol. 23, no. 17.171, p. 478. To learn what happened to those individuals, see A.V. Grinev, “Pervye russkie poselentsy na Aliaske,” Klio, 2001, no. 2, pp. 52–65.

56. Russkie ekspeditsii (1989), pp. 337–39.

57. PSZRI, vol. 4, no. 18.131, p. 725.

58. See Russkie ekspeditsii (1989), pp. 340–41. The official founding document of the United American Company was not signed until 3 August 1798, in Irkutsk.

59. The last major publication on this subject was Owen Matthews, Glorious Misadventures: Nikolai Rezanov and the Dream of a Russian America (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013).

60. A.Iu. Petrov, “Rol’ klana Shelikhovykh pri formirovanii Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi kompanii v kontse XVIII v.,” Amerikanskii ezhegodnik 1994 (Moscow, 1995), pp. 147–51.

61. V.I. Shtengel’, Sochineniia i pis'ma (Irkutsk, 1992), vol. 2, p. 285.

62. PSZRI, vol. 25, no. 19.030, pp. 699–700, 703–4.

63. PSZRI, vol. 26, no. 19.611, p. 348.

64. “1801 g. fevralia 16—Ukaz Senata ober-prokuroru 1-go departamenta upolnomochennomu RAK N.P. Rezanovu ob usloviiakh naima liudei dlia moreplavaniia i promyslov na ostrovakh i poberezh'e Severnoi Ameriki,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia i izuchenie Tikhookeanskogo Severa, 1799–1815: Sbornik dokumentov (Moscow, 1994), pp. 26–28.

65. S.B. Okun’, Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (Moscow, 1939), p. 60.

66. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Istoricheskii Arkhiv (RGIA), f. 1374, op. 3, d. 2404, l. 24.

67. Okun’, Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia, pp. 32, 37, 42–45.

68. “29 iiulia 1802 g—Dokladnaia zapiska glavnogo pravleniia RAK Aleksandru I o deiatel'nosti A.A. Baranova v Russkoi Amerike,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (1994), pp. 37–40.

69. RGIA, f. 13, op. 1, d. 50, ll. 1–1 ob.

70. “1802 g. sentiabria 2—Pis'mo N.P. Rezanova I.F. Kruzenshternu ob otsrochke krugosvetnoi ekspeditsii do iiulia 1803 g. i prodazhe aktsii RAK,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (1994), p. 44.

71. “1805 g. aprelia 28—Reskript Aleksandra I N.P. Rezanovu s pooshchreniem ego deiatel'nosti na Kamchatke i planov dal'neishego izucheniia Ameriki,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (1994), p. 160.

72. “1806 g. oktiabria 19.–Ukaz Senata N.P. Rumiantsevu ob utverzhdenii risunka flaga RAK,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (1994), p. 160.

73. Ibid., pp. 188, 190. For further detail on this topic, see A.V. Grinev, “Kolonial'nye grazhdane Russkoi Ameriki: problema formirovaniia postoiannogo russkogo naseleniia v Novom Svete,” Amerikanskii ezhegodnik 2006 (Moscow, 2008), pp. 179–210.

74. RGIA, f. 13, op. 1, d. 287, ll. 89–89 ob.; N.N. Bashkina et al., eds., Rossiia i SSha: stanovlenie otnoshenii. 1765–1815 (Moscow, 1980), pp. 388–89.

75. Bashkina et al., Rossiia i SSha, p. 389.

76. For further detail, see N.N. Bolkhovitinov, Stanovlenie rossiisko-amerikanskikh otnoshenii: 1775–1815 (Moscow, 1966), pp. 441–44.

77. RGIA, f. 40, op. 1, d. 10, l. 142 ob.

78. RGIA, f. 40, op. 1, d. 10, l. 143.

79. “1808 g. ianvaria 28—Donesenie direktora GP RAK M.M. Buldakova Aleksandru I o perspektivakh razvitiia torgovli v Kalifornii,” in Vneshniaia politika Rossii XIX i nachala XX veka. Dokumenty Rossiiskogo ministerstva inostrannykh del ([n.p., n.d]), vol. 4, pp. 163–64; “1812 g. avgusta 27—Donesenie Glavnogo pravleniia RAK Aleksandru I o gibeli fregata «Iunona»,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (1994), pp. 223–334.

80. Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Voenno-Morskogo Flota (RGAVMF), f. 166, op. 1, d. 4767, ll. 1 ob.–2.

81. RGAVMF, f. 166, op. 1, d. 4767, l. 1; IRTO, vol. 4, pp. 25–26.

82. V.M. Golovnin, “Zapiska kapitana 2 ranga Golovnina,” in Materialy dlia istorii russkikh zaselenii po beregam Vostochnogo okeana (St. Petersburg, 1861), pt. 1, pp. 48–114.

83. N.N. Bolkhovitinov, Russko-amerikanskie otnosheniia, 1815–1832 (Moscow, 1975), p. 138.

84. A.N. Ermolaev, “Vremennyi Komitet i osobyi Sovet Rossiisko-amerikanskoi kompanii: kontroliruiushchie ili soveshchatel'nye organy (1803–1844)?” Amerikanskii ezhegodnik 2002 (Moscow, 2004), pp. 232–49; Ermolaev, “Glavnoe pravlenie Rossiisko-amerikanskoi kompanii: sostav, funktsii, vzaimootnosheniia s pravitel'stvom, 1799–1871,” Amerikanskii ezhegodnik 2003 (Moscow, 2005), p. 279.

85. Bolkhovitinov, Russko-amerikanskie otnosheniia, pp. 86–131. For other documents on this topic, see S.B. Okun’, ed., “Tsarskaia Rossiia i Gavaiskie ostrova” Krasnyi arkhiv: Istoricheskii zhurnal, vol. 78 (1936), pp. 161–88.

86. See “Prikazanie Soveta pri GP RAK ot 25 avgusta 1816 g.,” in Russkaia Amerika v “Zapiskakh” Kirilla Khlebnikova: Novo-Arkhangel'sk, ed. S.G. Fedorova (Moscow, 1985), p. 61.

87. PSZRI, vol. 37, no. 28.747, pp. 823–32.

88. PSZRI, vol. 37, no. 28.756, p. 842.

89. Arkhiv Rossiiskogo Geograficheskogo Obshchestva, razr. 99, op. 1, d. 29, l. 10; Okun’, Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (1994), p. 85.

90. See Bolkhovitinov, “Doktrina Monro: proiskhozhdenie, kharakter i evoliutsiia,” in Amerikanskii ekspansionizm: Novoe vremia (Moscow, 1985), pp. 49–65.

91. RGIA, f. 18, op. 5, d. 1262, ll. 4–4 ob.; N.N. Bolkhovitinov, ed., Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia i izuchenie Tikhookeanskogo Severa, 1815–1841 (Moscow, 2005), p. 131.

92. PSZRI, vol. 39, no. 29.861a, pp. 251–53; vol. 40, no. 30.233, pp. 72–74.

93. Vneshniaia politika Rossii XIX i nachala XX veka. Dokumenty Rossiiskogo ministerstva inostrannykh del (Moscow, 1985), series 2, vol. 6 (14), pp. 73–74.

94. V.A. Bil'basov, ed., Arkhiv grafov Mordvinovkh (St. Petersburg, 1902), vol. 6, p. 642; A.A. Istomin, Dzh.R. [James R.] Gibson, and V.A. Tishkov, eds., Rossiia v Kalifornii: russkie dokumenty o kolonii Ross i rossiisko-kaliforniiskikh sviazakh, 1803–1850, 2 vols. (Moscow, 2005), vol. 1, pp. 563–76, 583–86, 617–21; Bolkhovitinov, Istoriia Russkoi Ameriki, vol. 2, pp. 257–74.

95. Okun’, Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia, pp. 101–8.

96. “1834 g. oktiabria 18–dekabria 25—K.V. Nessel'rode. Proekt instruktsii F.P. Vrangeliu ob otnosheniiakh s Meksikoi,” in Rossiia v Kalifornii, vol. 2, pp. 192–4; S.B. Okun’, “Russkie poseleniia v Kalifornii v XIX v.,” Uchenye zapiski LGU (seriia istoricheskikh nauk), 1939, no. 32, pp. 165–67.

97. For further detail on this, see Bolkhotinov, Istoriia Russkoi Ameriki (1732–1767), vol. 3, pp. 161–71.

98. Ibid., pp. 221–30. See also “1839 g. marta 31—Donesenie Glavnogo pravleniia RAK E.F. Kankrinu o tselesoobraznosti uprazdneniia kontory seleniia Ross,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (2005), pp. 380–82; “1839 g. aprelia 17—Pis'mo K.V. Nessel'rode E.F. Kankrinu o povelenii imperatora ostavit’ selenie Ross,” Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (2005), pp. 382–83; and “1841 g. oktiabria 18—Predpisanie A.K. Etolina P.S. Kostromitinov po povodu sdelki s I. Sutterom po prodazhe Rossa,” in Rossiia v Kalifornii, vol. 2, pp. 400–403.

99. PSZRI, coll. 2, vol. 16, no. 14.324, pp. 163–64; vol. 19, no. 18.299, pp. 612–38.

100. “1843 g. marta 8—Depesha Glavnogo pravleniia RAK A.K. Etolinu ob uchrezhdenii v koloniiakh zvaniia glavnogo toena,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia i izuchenie Tikhookeanskogo Severa, 1841–1867: Sbornik dokumentov ed. T.S. Fedorova, A.Iu. Petrov, and A.V. Grinev (Moscow, 2010), pp. 68–69.

101. “1845 g. maia 17—Pis'mo K.V. Nessel'rode A.S. Menshikovu o soglasii Nikolaia I uchredit’ nabliudatel'noe kreiserstvo sudov RAK vo vnutrennikh vodakh russkikh vladenii v Amerike bez ispol'zovaniia voennogo flaga,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (2010), p. 118.

102. RGAVMF, f. 1375, op. 1, d. 21, ll. 13–15 ob.; P.A. Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie obrazovaniia Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi kompanii i deistviia eia do nastoiashchego vremeni (St. Petersburg, 1863), pt. 2, pp. 136–39.

103. G.I. Nevel'skoi, Podvigi russkikh morskikh ofitserov na krainem vostoke Rossii, 1849–1855, ed. A.I. Alekseev (Khabarovsk, 1969), pp. 97–168.

104. Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie obrazovaniia Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi kompanii, p. 101.

105. For documents on this topic, see Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (2010), pp. 258–60; and Tikhmenev, Istoricheskoe obozrenie obrazovaniia Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi kompanii, pp. 99–111.

106. Kratkoe istoricheskoe obozrenie obrazovaniia i deistviia Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi kompanii s samogo nachala uchrezhdeniia onoi i do nastoiashchego vremeni (St. Petersburg, 1861), p. 81.

107. Otchet Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi kompanii Glavnogo pravleniia za 1859 g. (St. Petersburg, 1860), pp. 9–10.

108. See A.V. Grinev, “Velikii kniaz’ Konstantin Nikolaevich i prodazha Aliaski (k 175-letnemu iubileiu velikogo kniazia Konstantina Nikolaevicha),” in Peterburgskaia istoricheskaia shkola (St. Petersburg, 2004), pt. 3, pp. 157–79.

109. Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (2010), pp. 314, 320–21.

110. N.N. Bolkhovitinov, Russko-amerikanskie otnosheniia i prodazha Aliaski, 1834–1867 (Moscow, 1990), pp. 105–9.

111. “1859 g. oktiabria 27.–Pis'mo velikogo kniazia Konstantina Nikolaevicha ministru finansov A.M. Kniazhevichu o prodazhe rossiisko-amerikanskikh kolonii v tseliakh ekonomii gosudarstvennykh sredstv,” in Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (2010), p. 333–34.

112. Ibid., pp. 355–58.

113. PSZRI, coll. 2, vol. 40, no. 42.193a (supplement to vol. 40), p. 11.

114. PSZRI, coll. 2, vol. 41, no. 43.156, pp. 328–29.

115. O razchetakh s Rossiisko-amerikanskoiu kompanieiu po sluchaiu ustupki russkikh vladenii v Amerike Soedinennym Shtatam (St. Petersburg, 1868), p. 31.

116. L.E. Shepelev, ed., Sud'by Rossii. Doklady i zapiski gosudarstvennykh deiatelei imperatoram o problemakh ekonomicheskogo razvitiia strany (vtoraia polovina XIX v.) (St. Petersburg, 1999), pp. 142–43, 156, 159.

117. Rossiisko-Amerikanskaia kompaniia (2010), pp. 397–98.

118. Bolkhovitinov, Russko-amerikanskie otnosheniia i prodazha Aliaski, p. 185–86 (the document in question appears on p. 300).

119. Zapiski Glavnogo Pravleniia Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi Kompanii po delu o voznagrazhdenii ubytkov ot rasprodazhi eia kolonial'nago imushchestva (St. Petersburg, 1868). pp. 9–10.

120. I.S. Bliokh, Finansy Rossii XIX stoletiia. Istoriia–statistika (St. Petersburg, 1882), vol. 4, pp. 60, 182, 206.

121. Moskovskie vedomosti, 19 September 1868, no. 202, p. 3; 21 September 1868, no. 21; A.N. Ermolaev, “Prodazha Aliaski i pozitsiia po etomu voprosu L.A. Zagoskina i direktorov Rossiisko-Amerikanskoi kompanii,” in Russkii puteshestvennik i obshchestvennyi deiatel’ Lavrentii Zagoskin (k. 200-letiiu so dnia rozhdeniia): Issledovaniia i materialy, ed. Iu.Iu Gordova and P.A. Filin (Riazan, 2008), pp. 227–30.