Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) nanoarchitectonics for theranostic application in lung cancer

Abstract

Lung cancer (LC) is heading up as a substantial cause of mortality worldwide. Despite enormous progress in cancer management, LC remains a crucial problem for oncologists due to the lack of early diagnosis and precise treatment. In this context, numerous early diagnosis and treatment approaches for LC at the cellular level have been developed using advanced nanomaterials in the last decades. Amongst this, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a novel fluorescent material overwhelmed the horizons of materials science and biomedical fields due to their multifunctional attributes. Considering the complex nature of LC, emerging diagnostic and therapeutic (Theranostics) strategies using GQDs proved to be an effective way for the current practice in LC. In this line, we have abridged various approaches used in the LC theranostics using GQDs and its surface-engineered motif. The admirable photophysical attributes of GQDs realised in photolytic therapy (PLT), hyperthermia therapy (HTT), and drug delivery have been discussed. Furthermore, we have engrossed the impasse and its effects on the use of GQDs in cancer treatments from cellular level (in vivo-in vitro) to clinical. Inclusively, this review will be an embodiment for the scientific fraternity to design and magnify their view for the theranostic application of GQDs in LC treatment.

Keywords:

• Lung cancer
• graphene quantum dots
• theranostics
• photolytic/hyperthermia therapy
• drug delivery

Author contributions

R. S. Tade: explored the idea, did the literature research and wrote the manuscript; S. N. Nangare: reviewed the manuscript; M. P. More: reviewed the manuscript; Dr. P. O. Patil: conceived the idea and reviewed the manuscript

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful to HRPIPER, Shirpur, for providing the required facilities.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The present work was financially supported by the Department of Science and Technology – Science and Engineering Research Board, Government of India [ECR/2017/000905].