Development of mRNA nano-vaccines for COVID-19 prevention and its biochemical interactions with various disease conditions and age groups

Abstract

This review has focused on the development of mRNA nano-vaccine and the biochemical interactions of anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccines with various disease conditions and age groups. It studied five major groups of individuals with different disease conditions and ages, including allergic background, infarction background, adolescent, and adult (youngsters), pregnant women, and elderly. All five groups had been reported to have background-related adverse effects. Allergic background individuals were observed to have higher chances of experiencing allergic reactions and even anaphylaxis. Individuals with an infarction background had a higher risk of vaccine-induced diseases, e.g. pneumonitis and interstitial lung diseases. Pregnant women were seen to suffer from obstetric and gynecological adverse effects after receiving vaccinations. However, interestingly, the elderly individuals (> 65 years old) had experienced milder and less frequent adverse effects compared to the adolescent (<19 and >9 years old) and young adulthood (19–39 years old), or middle adulthood (40–59 years old) age groups, while middle to late adolescent (14–17 years old) was the riskiest age group to vaccine-induced cardiovascular manifestations.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• COVID-19 infections
• effects of mRNA vaccines
• concurrent diseases and age groups
• elderly and adolescent age groups
• myocardial infarctions

Authors’ contributions

Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig: Major re-writing, Conceptualisation, Editing, review, and grammar revision. Lok Yin Wong: Initial-draft writing, Investigation, Validation. Hongkai Wu: Supervision, Review, Editing.

Availability of data and materials

The data will be made available on request.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests including any financial or personal nature.

Consent for publication

All the authors agree to the submission and publication of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The data is appropriately cited. The data will be made available on request.

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported by grant # SZ-SZSTI2010 by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (SZSTI), Hong Kong Research Grant Council (RGC) funding projects (GRF#16308818, GRF#16309920, and GRF#16309421), and Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission (HKITC) funding project (MHP/003/19).