The Role of Redox Cycling versus Arylation in Quinone-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Mechanistic Approach in Classifying Reactive Toxicants

Abstract

In an attempt to distinguish between the mechanisms by which electrophilic and redox cycling quinones induce the cyclosporine A (CyA)-sensitive mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, the ability of a series of quinones that span a broad range of electrophilic and redox cycling reactivities has been examined. The order of potency of quinone-induced Ca²⁺ release was 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) > 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) > 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (MQ) > 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DiOMeNQ) > 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (DiMeNQ). Quinones with predominantly redox cycling reactivity, NQ (≤ 4 μM), MQ, DiOMeNQ and DiMeNQ, induced the CyA-sensitive membrane permeability transition. In contrast, NQ (> 4 μM) and BQ, induced rapid and complete Ca²⁺ release and membrane depolarization, but not swelling. Furthermore, BQ and NQ (> 4 μM)-induced effects were not prevented by CyA. Therefore, we maintain that, unlike MQ, DiOMeNQ, DiMeNQ and NQ (≤ 4μM), effects of BQ and NQ(> 4μM) on calcium flux and membrane potential are manifest via a mechanism independent of altering the regulation of the cyclosporine A-sensitive PTP. These findings suggest that stereoelectronic descriptors for soft electrophilicity and one electron reduction potential may be useful in differentiating and predicting mechanisms of quinone toxicity.

Key Words:

• Quinone toxicity
• mechanisms of toxic action
• redox cycling
• arylation
• mitochondria
• permeability transition