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Notes
1. Provenance is the history of any object's ownership; provenience also includes the specific physical context in which an archaeological object was found. The international legislation Cuno focuses on is the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on the International Protection of Cultural Property.
2. Reprinted widely but taken here from: “Declaration on the Importance and Value of Universal Museums,” ICOM News 1 (2004): 4. ICOM sourced this document from a British Museum Web page that also included a signature and statement of support from the BM director. That page and any mention of “universal” museums have since been removed from the museum's Web site.
3. To address Cuno's reluctance to explicitly engage the dominant perspective on the matter, readers will find it is useful to see the May 2009 double issue of Museum International, which presents the proceedings of the first International Conference on the Return of Cultural Objects to their Countries of Origin, sponsored by UNESCO and held at the New Acropolis Museum, Athens in March 2008.
4. For example, Peru recently reached an agreement with Yale University regarding repatriation and joint possession of artifacts removed from Machu Picchu by Hiram Bingham in 1912.