Perspectives on Pink Salmon and Sea Lice: Scientific Evidence Fails to Support the Extinction Hypothesis

Abstract

Using a Ricker (1975) model and escapement data for a subset of Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia watersheds, Krkošek et al. (2007a) predicted that sea lice infections originating on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farms will cause the extinction of pink salmon(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the archipelago by 2010. The purpose of this article is to examine this issue in the context of all of the escapement data available for the archipelago and to review additional scientific reports and information not discussed by Krkošek et al. (2007a). Additional research during the last five years is not consistent with the Krkošek et al. (2007a) conclusion that sea lice routinely cause in excess of 80% mortality of fry. Rather, the literature reviewed herein indicates that pink salmon fry mount an effective immune response at sizes as small as 0.7 g, resulting in the rapid shedding of lice within two weeks. Pink salmon returns are shown to be highly variable throughout the Northeast Pacific in areas without salmon farms. Following periods of high abundance, pink salmon populations typically fall to low levels, and they may remain depressed for several generations. However, in most cases, the populations then gradually increase to begin the cycle anew. An examination of returns to all of the documented Broughton Archipelago watersheds indicates that following exceptionally high returns in 2000 and 2001, the populations declined to very low numbers in 2002 and 2003. Contrary to the conclusions reached by Krkošek et al. (2007a), Broughton pink salmon returns have steadily increased since then, with no indication that they are threatened with extinction. Other unsubstantiated assumptions used in Krkošek et al. (2007a) are also discussed in light of additional scientific reports and theoretical considerations.

Keywords:

• Atlantic salmon
• aquaculture
• netpens
• pink salmon fry
• sea lice

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the critical comments and endorsement of this manuscript by the following scientists working in this field: Lars Asplin, Ph.D., Øivind Bergh, Ph.D., Karin Boxaspen, Ph.D., Ian Bricknell, Ph.D., James Bron, Ph.D., Walton W. Dickhoff, Ph.D., Ralph A. Elston, Ph.D., William T. Fairgrieve, Ph.D., Mark D. Fast, Ph.D., Ronald W. Hardy, Ph.D., Lee Harrell, DVM, William R. Heard, M.Sc., Robert N. Iwamoto, Ph.D., Stewart C. Johnson, Ph.D., Conrad V. Mahnken, Ph.D., R. Scott McKinley, Ph.D., Colin Nash, Ph.D., and William Waknitz, M.Sc.