Marine Stock Enhancement, Restocking, and Sea Ranching in Australia: Future Directions and a Synthesis of Two Decades of Research and Development

Abstract

This article synthesizes information on marine and estuarine release programs in Australia and evaluates potential opportunities for stock enhancement. In Australia, the scale of restocking and stock enhancement programs in marine environments has been low compared with other countries, particularly Japan, China, and the United States. However, since the early 1990s, a number of government and industry organizations have made significant investments in research and development for the release of a variety of species to evaluate the potential of releases to increase the productivity of fisheries. The scale of these research programs has varied from releases of tens of thousands of individuals (abalone Haliotis laevigata, barramundi Lates calcarifer, and mulloway Argyrosomos japonicus), hundreds of thousands (tiger prawns Penaeus esculentus and black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri), and millions (eastern king prawn Penaeus plebejus). These programs, which have shown a strong commitment to the responsible approach to enhancement sensu (Blankenship and Leber, 1995; Lorenzen et al., 2010), have resulted in increased knowledge on the population dynamics and ecology of released species and the development of bio-economic and energetic models to better plan and evaluate releases. Currently, research is continuing in New South Wales (A. japonicus, P. plebejus), Queensland (L. calcarifer), and Western Australia (A. butcheri, H. laevigata). Furthermore, Victoria is developing a plan for releasing juveniles to enhance fisheries in estuarine and marine environments, and South Australia has developed a policy for marine and estuarine stock enhancement. Policies on stock enhancement are being considered for development in New South Wales and Western Australia. These developments in policy and the introduction of fishing license fees in some states have generated renewed interest in initiating release programs in Australia that follow the responsible approach to enhancement.

Keywords:

• enhancement policies
• release programs
• license fees
• ecology
• models
• Acanthopagrus butcheri
• Penaeus esculentus
• Agryosomus japonicus

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Aquaculture Development Council of Western Australia invited a review of the opportunities for finfish stock enhancement and restocking in Western Australia, which provided the basis for thinking more broadly of enhancement, restocking, and sea ranching in the Australian context. The authors thank the participants of the 4th ISSESR for helpful discussions on stock enhancement and sea ranching and two anonymous reviewers who provided constructive suggestions for the manuscript. Several industry, community, and research groups and funders have contributed to the development of research and development for marine releases in Australia. In particular, thanks are extended to the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation of Australia and the NSW Recreational Fishing Saltwater Trust for their commitment to funding research and development for the release of cultured fish into marine systems.

Notes

Note that values have been converted from AU$ at the rate of US$1.02 to AU$1.00.