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Abstract
The treatment of urban stormwater poses numerous technical and operational challenges, particularly due to the intermittent and highly variable nature of hydrologic and pollutant inputs. Floating emergent macrophyte treatment wetlands (FTWs) are a hybridization of ponds and wetlands that offer potential advantages for treatment of these highly variable flows. FTWs utilize rooted, emergent macrophytes growing on a mat or raft floating on the surface of the water rather than rooted in the sediments. Thus, they can tolerate the widely fluctuating water depths typical of stormwater systems, without the risk of the plants drowning. The roots hang beneath the floating mat and provide a large surface area for biofilm attachment. The authors provide a review of the FTW concept, structure, function, and treatment efficiency reported to date and discuss the potential advantages of this emerging technology for stormwater applications. Although still limited, the available data from mesocosm and pilot studies on removal of key pollutants such as organic matter, suspended solids, nutrients, and metals shows that they can significantly enhance performance of pond systems, and provide similar or better performance than surface flow wetlands for a range of polluted waters. Further studies are needed to verify the apparent potential of FTWs treating stormwater at full scale.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The initial funding required to compile and digest the bulk of the information contained in this review was provided by the Auckland Regional Council, New Zealand and occurred while the first author was employed at NIWA in Hamilton, New Zealand. Subsequent writing and revisions were conducted while the first author was employed at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) in Leipzig, Germany.