Water Reuse in EU States: Necessity for Uniform Criteria to Mitigate Human and Environmental Risks

Abstract

Water quality criteria are an indispensable part of water reuse projects aiming to ensure the protection of public health and the environment. In addition, criteria can affect the development, public acceptance, and economic viability of water reuse projects. Currently no uniform criteria exist, but they diverge, often greatly, between countries and states. The authors briefly present the evolution of reuse criteria worldwide and discuss emerging issues related to ecological and public health risks that have not addressed adequately in existing criteria. They specifically focus on European Union (EU) countries and present their water reuse status based on the published data and the existing (or nonexisting) reuse frameworks. Data gathered from public agencies reveal a high potential for water reuse in the EU that could potentially contribute to ensuring that fresh water is available for all sectors and to protect the environment, but it has not expanded at the expected rates. The lack of water reuse criteria was thought as the most important cause for this delay. lasting recent years, however, several countries, particularly those located in the Mediterranean basin, established water reuse criteria. Similarities and differences as well as potential benefits and drawbacks of these criteria are discussed and interpreted with these of the other world. An important conclusion is that the criteria enacted in Greece, Italy, and Spain will probably prevent the development of water reuse projects and increase the costs. Moreover, major challenges, the future views, and the necessity for establishing common regulations for water reuse at an EU level are considered.

KEY WORDS:

• effluent reuse
• guidelines
• health risks
• regulations
• wastewater
• recycled water

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The thorough review and the valuable comments of Dr J. Crook (Boston, Massachusetts) are highly appreciated. The authors are also grateful to Prof. K. Tsagarakis (Democritus University of Thrace) for revising the cost section in the case of Greece. The valuable contributions of Prof. N. Kathjiotes (Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus), Dr. M. Muscat (Malta), and Dr. Chr. Kambanelas (Nicosia, Cyprus) are highly appreciated. Great thanks are also addressed to Prof. G. Cirelli (University of Catania), Dr. H. Marecos do Monte (Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa), and Dr V. Lazarova (Suez-Environment) for their contributions in an earlier version of the manuscript.