![Sample our Area Studies journals, sign in here to start your access, latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5922/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Area-Studies.jpg"})
Notes
Noam Chomsky, ‘The War against Terror,’ presentation delivered at The Technology and Culture Forum, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 18 October 2001; retrieved 12 June 2003, from ⟨http://web.mit.edu/tac/www/past‐forums/2001‐2002/2001‐10‐18_ChomskyWarTerror.html⟩.
* Yasmin Jiwani is an Assistant Professor of Communication at Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The author would like to acknowledge the support and assistance of Ross Perigoe, Christine Khalifah, Linnet Fawcett, Holly Wagg and Amin Alhassan. I am especially indebted to Ross Perigoe for sharing his database of articles pertaining to the 11 September 2001 press coverage in The Gazette. This research was made possible by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, File 410‐2004‐1496.
Said, Orientalism, p. 73.
Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Random House, 1978).
See, for example, H. Karim Karim, Islamic Peril (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2000); Suren Lalvani, ‘Consuming the Exotic Other,’ Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 12, no. 3 (1995): 263–86; and Meyda Yeğenoğlu, Colonial Fantasies: Towards a Feminist Reading of Orientalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
Ibid, p. 177.
Ibid.
Yeğenoğlu, Colonial Fantasies.
See, for example, Frantz Fanon, Studies of a Dying Colonialism (New York: Grove Press, 1965); Dorothy Hammond and Alta Jablow, The Myth of Africa (New York: The Library of Social Sciences, 1977); Robert A. Huttenback, Racism and Empire: White Settler and Coloured Immigrants in the British Self‐governing Colonies, 1830–1910 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1976); Merryl Wyn Davies, Ashis Nandy and Ziauddin Sardar, Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism (London: Pluto Press, 1993); and Rebecca Stott, ‘The Dark Continent: Africa as Female Body in Haggard's Adventure Fiction,’ Feminist Review, 32 (Summer 1989): 68–89.
See further Allen Greenberger, The British Image of India: A Study in the Literature of Imperialism, 1880–1960 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969); Inderpal Grewal, Home and Harem: Nation, Gender, Empire and the Cultures of Travel (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996); Stuart Hall, ‘The Whites of Their Eyes,’ in M. Alvarado and J.O. Thompson, eds., The Media Reader (London: British Film Institute, 1990), pp. 9–23; Harold Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds (Greenwich: Greenwood, 1958); Suren Lalvani, ‘Consuming the Exotic Other’; John McBratney, ‘Images of Indian Women in Rudyard Kipling: A Case of Doubling Discourse,’ Incriptions, 3, no. 4 (1988): 47–57; Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather (London: Routledge, 1995); William Schneider, ‘Race and Empire: The Rise of Popular Ethnography in the Late Nineteenth Century,’ Journal of Popular Culture, 11, no. 1 (1977): 98–109; Ella Shohat and Robert Stam, Unthinking Eurocentrism, Multiculturalism and the Media (London: Routledge, 1994); Robert Stam and Louise Spence, ‘Colonialism, Racism and Representation: An Introduction,’ in B. Nichols, ed., Movies and Methods, vol. 2 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 632–49.
Teun A. van Dijk, Elite Discourse and Racism (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1993).
Frantz Fanon, Studies of a Dying Colonialism; Claude Lévi‐Strauss, The Savage Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966); Yeğenoğlu, Colonial Fantasies.
Floya Anthias and Nira Yuval‐Davis, Racialised Boundaries: Race, Nation, Gender, Colour and Class and the Anti‐Racist Struggle (London: Routledge, 1992).
Lalvani, ‘Consuming the Exotic Other.’
Peter Dahlgren and Sumitra Chakrapani, ‘The Third World on TV News: Western Ways of Seeing the “Other”,’ in W.C. Adams, ed., Television Coverage of International Affairs (Norwood: Ablex, 1982), pp. 45–65; Robert A. Hackett, ‘Coups, Earthquakes and Hostages? Foreign News on Canadian Television,’ Canadian Journal of Political Science, 22, no. 4 (1989): 809–25; Arthur Kleinman and Joan Kleiman, ‘The Appeal of Experience; The Dismay of Images; Cultural Appropriations of Suffering in Our Times,’ Daedalus, 125, no. 1 (1996): 1–23.
Abdul R. JanMohamed, ‘The Economy of Manichean Allegory: The Function of Racial Difference in Colonialist Literature,’ Critical Inquiry, 12, no. 1 (1985): 59–87.
Wyn Davies et al. Barbaric Others.
Yasmin Jiwani, ‘The Exotic, the Erotic and the Dangerous: South Asian Women in Popular Film,’ Canadian Woman Studies, 13, no. 1 (1992): 42–46; Chandra Talpade Mohanty, ‘Cartographies of Struggle: Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism,’ in C.T. Mohanty, A. Russo and L. Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991), pp. 1–47.
Homi Bhabha, ‘The Other Question: Difference, Discrimination and the Discourse of Colonialism,’ in R. Ferguson, M. Gever, T.T. Minh‐ha and C. West, eds., Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures (New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art and MIT Press, 1990), pp. 71–87.
Hall ‘The Whites of Their Eyes.’
See further Lalvani, ‘Consuming the Exotic Other.’
See further William Leiss, Stephen Kline and Sut Jhally, Social Communication in Advertizing: Persons, Products, and Images of Well‐Being (New York and Toronto: Metheun, 1986).
Said, Orientalism, p. 190.
Sherene Razack ‘Race, Space, and Prostitution: The Making of a Bourgeois Subject,’ Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 10, no. 2 (1998): 338–76.
Ibid, p. 357.
Yeğenoğlu, Colonial Fantasies, p. 44.
Fanon, Studies of a Dying Colonialism.
⟨http://www.benetton.com/press⟩.
Ibid., p. 334.
Homa Hoodfar, ‘The Veil in their Minds and on our Heads: The Persistence of Colonial Images of Muslim Women,’ Resources for Feminist Research, 22, nos. 3/4 (1993): 5–18.
Anouar Majid, ‘The Politics of Feminism in Islam,’ Signs, 23, no. 2 (1998): 321–61.
Ibid., p. 468.
See also Valerie Amos and Pratibha Parmar, ‘Challenging Imperial Feminism,’ Feminist Review, 17 (1984): 3–19; Chandra Talpade Mohanty, ‘Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses,’ in Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Ann Russo and Lourdes Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), pp. 51–80.
Miriam Cooke ‘Saving Brown Women,’ Signs, 28, no. 1 (2002): 468–70.
Antoinette M. Burton, ‘The White Woman's Burden, British Feminists and the Indian Woman, 1865–1915,’ in N. Chaudhuri and M. Strobel, eds., Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), pp. 137–53.
Ibid., p.137.
Sonali Kolhatkar, ‘Saving Afghan Women: How Media Creates Enemies,’ Women in Action, 1 (2002): 34–36. Kolhatkar recounts an instance in which she was interviewed by feminist Helen Caldicott who was more interested in the reasons underlying the perceived barbarity of Afghan men than in discovering information about the resistance of Afghani women.
Yeğenoğlu, Colonial Fantasies, p. 100.
Hoodfar provides an insightful case analysis of the disastrous impact of de‐veiling in Iran. The forced measure imposed by the state resulted in a dramatic decline in women's independence and by corollary, an increased dependence on men in the family. Women no longer could participate in the social rituals that brought them together or in the public domain of economic activity because of the societal shame that de‐veiling engendered; see further Hoodfar, ‘The Veil in their Minds.’
Leila Ahmed, Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992); Hoodfar, ‘The Veil in their Minds’; and Inger Rezig, ‘Women's Roles in Contemporary Algeria: Tradition and Modernity,’ in B. Utas, ed., Women in Islamic Societies, Social Attitudes and Historical Perspectives (London: Curzon Press and Humanities Press, 1983), pp. 192–210.
Todd Gitlin, ‘News and Ideology and Contested Area: Toward a Theory of Hegemony, Crisis and Opposition,’ Socialist Review, 9, no. 6 (1979): 11–54; Stuart Hall, ‘The Narrative Construction of Reality,’ Southern Review, 17 (1984): 1–17; John Hartley, Understanding News (London and New York: Metheun, 1982); and Teun A. van Dijk, Racism and the Press (London: Routledge, 1991).
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983).
I am using the term ‘common‐sense’ in the Gramscian sense of denoting the common stock of knowledge that is taken for granted but that in itself contains contradictory bits of information that then are used selectively to make sense of the world; see further Stuart Hall, ‘Culture, the Media and the “Ideological Effect”,’ in J. Curran, M. Gurevitch and Janet Woollacott, eds., Mass Communication and Society (London: Sage, 1979), pp. 315–48.
Jack Shaheen, The TV Arab (Bowling Green: State University Popular Press, 1984); see also the Canadian Islamic Congress, Anti‐Islam in the Media: Summary of the Fifth Annual Report, retrieved 28 May 28 2003 from ⟨http://www.canadianislamiccongress.com/rr/rr_2002_1.php⟩; Gul Goya Jafri, The Portrayal of Muslim Women in Canadian Mainstream Media: A Community Based Analysis (Afghan Women's Organization, Ontario, Canada), retrieved 12 June 2003 from ⟨http://www.fmw.org/Articles%20and%20Presentations/muslim%20women%20&%20media%20‐report.PDF1998⟩; Karim, Islamic Peril; and Edward Said, Covering Islam (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981).
Said, Covering Islam.
Hoodfar, ‘The Veil in Their Minds’; Jafri, The Portrayal of Muslim Women in Canadian Mainstream Media; Sharon Todd ‘Veiling the “Other,” Unveiling our “Selves”: Reading Media Images of the Hijab Psychoanalytically to Move Beyond Tolerance,’ Canadian Journal of Education, 23, no. 4 (1998): 438–51.
The Gazette's readership has been expanding after a decline over the last decade. In 2003, the daily had an average readership of over half a million on the weekends, and between 360,000 and 380,000 on weekdays.
Statistics Canada, Quebec: Largest Proportion of Roman Catholics. Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved 25 June 2003, from ⟨http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/rel/qc.cfm⟩.
Todd, ‘Veiling the “Other,” Unveiling our “Selves” ’; see also Helle‐Mai Lenk, ‘The Case of Emilie Ouimet: News Discourse on Hijab and the Construction of Quebecois National Identity,’ in A. Calliste and G. J. Sefa Dei, eds., Anti‐Racist Feminism (Halifax: Fernwood, 2000), pp. 73–88.
This database was designed by Ross Perigoe, Associate Professor, Department of Journalism, Concordia University, Montreal.
See further Teun van Dijk, ed., Discourse and Communication; and idem, Elite Discourse and Racism.
Roland Barthes, Mythologies, translated by Annette Lavers (London: Paladin, 1973).
Editorial, 15 September 2001.
John Macfarlane, ‘Medical Resident Tells of Assault,’ The Gazette, 18 September 2001.
Teun van Dijk in Elite Discourse and Racism identifies stories as being ‘overcomplete’ when they include and rely on descriptive characteristics that are not warranted by or critical to the story itself. These are additional details that provide a peripheral context but paint that context in a discursive way to suggest otherness through emphasizing social distance and difference.
Macfarlane, ‘Medical Resident Tells of Assault.’
Ibid.
Ibid.
Levon Sevunts, ‘Refugees Fear Mood Change,’ The Gazette, 14 September 2001.
Lisa Fitterman, ‘Hate hits Canada: Muslims, even Sikhs, Targets of Backlash,’ The Gazette, 15 September 2001; and idem, ‘Montreal's Pakistani Muslims Feel the Heat: “We Are Here; We Are Not the Terrorists”,’ The Gazette, 21 September 2001.
Jane Davenport, ‘Muslims Wary of Reprisals: 140 at Mosque Denounce Terror Attacks,’ The Gazette, 16 September 2001.
Sarah Richards, ‘Islam is Against this Kind of Act,’ The Gazette, 13 September 2001.
Irwin Block, ‘City Muslims Appeal for Calm: “We Thank God until now there Is No Acceleration (of Violence) in the Montreal Area”,’ The Gazette, 14 September 2001.
Ian Connell, ‘Television News and the Social Contract.’ in S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe and P. Willis, eds., Culture, Media, Language (Birmingham: Hutchinson in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 1980), pp. 139–56.
Paul Waters, ‘Twisting the Faith: Islam is a Serene Religion, but Can Be Warped into a Form of Totalitarianism,’ The Gazette, 15 September 2001.
Ibid.
Block, ‘City Muslims Appeal for Calm.’
Mike Blanchfield and Hilary MacKenzie, ‘U.S. Flexes Muscle: Warplanes Ordered to Gulf Bases; Bush to Address his Nation Tonight; Pakistan Tries to Defuse Unrest,’ The Gazette, 20 September 2001; author's emphasis.
Patricia Cohen, ‘Like Feuding Brothers: Arab Intellectuals in the West Are Split over How to Present the attack,’ The Gazette, 29 September 2001; author emphasis.
Waters, ‘Twisting the Faith.’
Jiwani, ‘The Exotic, the Erotic and the Dangerous.’
See for example, Kathy Gannon, ‘Where Equality is “Obscene”: Conservative Pakistani Clerics Vow to Crush Women's Rights,’ The Gazette, 13 September 2001.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid, author emphasis.
See further Jiwani, ‘The Exotic, The Erotic and the Dangerous’; and Shohat and Stam, Unthinking Eurocentrism.
Michael Smith and Alan Philps, ‘Delta Force to Ride Planes: U.S. Anti‐terrorism Squad in New Role,’ The Gazette, 14 September 2001.
Tommy Schnurmarcher, ‘Images of Celebration Tell the Story’, The Gazette, 14 September 2001.
McBratney, ‘Images of Indian Women in Rudyard Kipling,’; and Mohanty, ‘Cartographies of Struggle.’
Blanchfield and MacKenzie, ‘Saudis in a Squeeze’; the photograph is positioned at the side of the article, and the source is indicated only as Agence France Press (AFP).
Sunera Thobani, ‘War and the Politics of Truth‐Making in Canada,’ Qualitative Studies in Education, 16, no. 3 (2003): 399–414. Thobani's speech generated considerable coverage in the Canadian media and also became a focus of debate in parliament.
See, for example, Bruce Wallace, ‘West Anxiously Courting a Willing Iran: With its Leader's “Remarkable” Conversation, Islamic State Opens Door to a New Relationship,’ The Gazette, 22 September 2001; Steve Goldstein, ‘Ex‐Soviet States Will Be Key for U.S.: Most of the ‘Stans’ Have Muslim Majorities,’ The Gazette, 29 September 2001.
Thomas Friedman, ‘It's World War III: America Will Have to Fight on Several Fronts, and Need All its Will to Win,’ The Gazette, 14 September 2001.
Janet Bagnall, ‘Tale of the Taliban: Once, You Could Feel Sorry for the Dispossessed Men, but No Longer,’ The Gazette, 27 September 2001.
Maureen Dowd, ‘History Throws Knuckleball to Bush,’ The Gazette, 25 September 2001.
Ibid.
Gannon, ‘Where Equality is “Obscene” ’.
Friedman, ‘It's World War III.’
Dowd, ‘History Throws a Knuckleball to Bush.’
Norman Spector, ‘Déjà Vu for Israelis: Scenes of Destruction and Pain are Familiar to People who Are Used to Being Attacked for Who they Are,’ The Gazette, 12 September 2001.
Jeffrey Goldberg, ‘Taking Courses at Jihad School: All‐Islamic Classes,’ The Gazette, 15 September 2001.
Teresa Watanabe, ‘Extremists Distort Holy Tenets to Justify War,’ The Gazette, 27 September 2001.
Waters, ‘Twisting the Faith.’
Karim, Islamic Peril.
See, for examples, articles by Block, ‘City Muslims Appeal for Calm’; Fitterman, ‘Montreal's Pakistani Muslims Feel the Heat’; and Lynn Moore, ‘Learning the True Nature of Islam: Mosques Educating Non‐Muslims,’ The Gazette, 24 September 2001.
Davenport, ‘Muslims Wary of Reprisals.’
Sonali Kolhatkar, ‘The Impact of US Intervention on Afghan Women's Rights,’ Berkeley Women's Law Journal, 17 (2002): 12–30; Valentine M. Moghadam, ‘Revolution, Religion, and Gender Politics: Iran and Afghanistan Compared,’ Journal of Women's History, 10, no. 4 (1999): 172–95; and Valentine M. Moghadam, ‘Afghan Women and Transnational Feminism,’ Middle East Women's Studies Review, 16, nos. 3/4 (2001): 1–9.
Bagnall, ‘Tale of the Taliban’; Charles Hirchkind and Saba Mahmood, ‘Feminism, the Taliban, and the Politics of Counter‐Insurgency,’ Anthropological Quarterly, 75, no. 2 (2002): 339–54.
Richards, ‘Islam is Against this Kind of Act.’
Susan Montgomery, ‘Loss Felt among Local Afghans: Rights Activist Hopes Level Heads Will Prevail as U.S. Mulls Retaliation,’ The Gazette, 18 September 2001.
Ibid.
Mary Ann Franks, ‘Obscene Undersides: Women and Evil between the Taliban and the United States,’ Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, 18, no. 1 (2003): 135–56.
David Halbfinger, ‘Make‐over Rush after the Burqa,’ The Gazette, 3 September 2002.